1 00:00:09,440 --> 00:00:17,269 q1 is the bottom 2 00:00:20,950 --> 00:00:19,189 good afternoon i'm don savage public 3 00:00:22,150 --> 00:00:20,960 affairs officer for the office of space 4 00:00:24,390 --> 00:00:22,160 science 5 00:00:26,390 --> 00:00:24,400 and uh welcome today to the goddard 6 00:00:28,470 --> 00:00:26,400 space flight center and the latest of 7 00:00:29,509 --> 00:00:28,480 our comment update briefings here at 8 00:00:31,669 --> 00:00:29,519 goddard 9 00:00:35,030 --> 00:00:31,679 today we have a major announcement to 10 00:00:37,350 --> 00:00:35,040 make a major discovery by the hubble 11 00:00:39,190 --> 00:00:37,360 and uh our top news this morning we will 12 00:00:41,110 --> 00:00:39,200 also have 13 00:00:43,830 --> 00:00:41,120 dr renee pronjay who will tell us about 14 00:00:46,790 --> 00:00:43,840 how cometary debris is making the jovian 15 00:00:48,389 --> 00:00:46,800 aurora light up and uh dr lucy mcfadden 16 00:00:50,470 --> 00:00:48,399 will give us a worldwide wrap up and 17 00:00:52,310 --> 00:00:50,480 dave levy will be here for discussions 18 00:00:53,830 --> 00:00:52,320 on the observing 19 00:00:55,430 --> 00:00:53,840 i'd like to go ahead and introduce our 20 00:00:57,670 --> 00:00:55,440 panel right now 21 00:00:59,910 --> 00:00:57,680 to my left dr roger yell with the 22 00:01:02,150 --> 00:00:59,920 university of arizona he's a scientist 23 00:01:03,830 --> 00:01:02,160 from the university of arizona and a 24 00:01:05,830 --> 00:01:03,840 member of the hubble space telescope 25 00:01:08,070 --> 00:01:05,840 spectroscopy team 26 00:01:10,469 --> 00:01:08,080 to his left dr renee pronje from the 27 00:01:12,950 --> 00:01:10,479 institute astrophysics facial and orsay 28 00:01:14,950 --> 00:01:12,960 france she's a scientist from the french 29 00:01:18,630 --> 00:01:14,960 institute at orsay and a member of the 30 00:01:20,550 --> 00:01:18,640 hst upper atmosphere imaging team 31 00:01:22,390 --> 00:01:20,560 and the center to her left dr steve 32 00:01:24,310 --> 00:01:22,400 maron our moderator for today he's a 33 00:01:27,350 --> 00:01:24,320 senior staff scientist at the goddard 34 00:01:29,429 --> 00:01:27,360 space flight center to his left dr lucy 35 00:01:31,670 --> 00:01:29,439 mcfadden university of maryland and 36 00:01:33,670 --> 00:01:31,680 university of california a visiting 37 00:01:35,590 --> 00:01:33,680 professor at the university of maryland 38 00:01:37,590 --> 00:01:35,600 and coordinator of the worldwide comet 39 00:01:40,630 --> 00:01:37,600 observing campaign 40 00:01:42,310 --> 00:01:40,640 and to her left david levy co-discoverer 41 00:01:44,870 --> 00:01:42,320 of the comet and long-time common 42 00:01:47,270 --> 00:01:44,880 observer welcome panelist 43 00:01:48,550 --> 00:01:47,280 like to uh turn it over to you steve 44 00:01:50,069 --> 00:01:48,560 thank you don 45 00:01:51,190 --> 00:01:50,079 uh good morning ladies and gentlemen for 46 00:01:53,590 --> 00:01:51,200 those of you who had the advanced 47 00:01:55,670 --> 00:01:53,600 schedule i'm not eugene shoemaker and i 48 00:01:57,510 --> 00:01:55,680 won't have any uh 49 00:01:58,469 --> 00:01:57,520 explosive results for you it is a 50 00:02:01,350 --> 00:01:58,479 pleasure 51 00:02:03,910 --> 00:02:01,360 uh to be here again uh i've lost count 52 00:02:06,230 --> 00:02:03,920 of all these fragments but uh fragment 53 00:02:08,790 --> 00:02:06,240 p2 should have struck within the past 54 00:02:11,430 --> 00:02:08,800 hour and as i think you all know many of 55 00:02:14,309 --> 00:02:11,440 you led with it uh yesterday or or this 56 00:02:17,190 --> 00:02:14,319 morning the first of the three uh 57 00:02:18,070 --> 00:02:17,200 uh three other big fragments the qr and 58 00:02:20,390 --> 00:02:18,080 s 59 00:02:22,710 --> 00:02:20,400 that will be hitting jupiter at 60 00:02:24,949 --> 00:02:22,720 intervals of approximately equal to its 61 00:02:27,830 --> 00:02:24,959 10-hour rotation period so they'll hit 62 00:02:30,949 --> 00:02:27,840 it nearly the same spot at 10-hour 63 00:02:32,949 --> 00:02:30,959 intervals that will uh start at about 3 64 00:02:34,630 --> 00:02:32,959 32 eastern daylight 65 00:02:36,869 --> 00:02:34,640 uh this afternoon we'll hear a little 66 00:02:38,949 --> 00:02:36,879 bit more about that later now for this 67 00:02:39,830 --> 00:02:38,959 what i personally as an astronomer think 68 00:02:42,790 --> 00:02:39,840 is a 69 00:02:46,229 --> 00:02:42,800 very exciting scientific result 70 00:02:48,710 --> 00:02:46,239 to uh emerge from shoemaker levy there's 71 00:02:51,350 --> 00:02:48,720 more to it than just the big show we're 72 00:02:53,509 --> 00:02:51,360 fortunate to have roger yell at the 73 00:02:55,430 --> 00:02:53,519 university of arizona 74 00:02:58,070 --> 00:02:55,440 tell us about this hubble spectroscopy 75 00:02:59,990 --> 00:02:58,080 result well good morning and as you all 76 00:03:01,670 --> 00:03:00,000 know there's there's two ways two sorts 77 00:03:03,830 --> 00:03:01,680 of information that the hubble space 78 00:03:05,509 --> 00:03:03,840 telescope has been gathering 79 00:03:07,509 --> 00:03:05,519 what you've seen mostly is images where 80 00:03:09,830 --> 00:03:07,519 you see the entire planet and the impact 81 00:03:11,589 --> 00:03:09,840 site at a very specific color a specific 82 00:03:13,509 --> 00:03:11,599 wavelength but also with the 83 00:03:15,509 --> 00:03:13,519 spectrographs we look at one spot on the 84 00:03:17,030 --> 00:03:15,519 planet but look at all the colors all 85 00:03:18,869 --> 00:03:17,040 the wavelengths simultaneously and 86 00:03:20,470 --> 00:03:18,879 that's what we call spectroscopy so i'm 87 00:03:22,070 --> 00:03:20,480 going to report on some spectroscopy 88 00:03:24,470 --> 00:03:22,080 results 89 00:03:27,190 --> 00:03:24,480 you can see on the monitor i believe an 90 00:03:29,509 --> 00:03:27,200 image of the g impact site and it's the 91 00:03:30,789 --> 00:03:29,519 spectroscopy from the g impact site we 92 00:03:32,869 --> 00:03:30,799 knew that was going to be a big one so 93 00:03:35,190 --> 00:03:32,879 we pointed the spectrograph there 94 00:03:37,589 --> 00:03:35,200 several hours after the impact 95 00:03:40,789 --> 00:03:37,599 and um in the next uh could we have the 96 00:03:42,550 --> 00:03:40,799 next graphic please 97 00:03:43,750 --> 00:03:42,560 the arrow is pointing to the location of 98 00:03:45,910 --> 00:03:43,760 where our spectra were obtained 99 00:03:47,589 --> 00:03:45,920 spectrograph was a faint spain object 100 00:03:49,030 --> 00:03:47,599 spectrograph 101 00:03:50,470 --> 00:03:49,040 that's right 102 00:03:51,830 --> 00:03:50,480 um 103 00:03:54,789 --> 00:03:51,840 i don't know how to get that on next 104 00:03:58,789 --> 00:03:56,949 they'll have it up in a moment 105 00:04:00,229 --> 00:03:58,799 okay and what we're going to see in this 106 00:04:02,390 --> 00:04:00,239 graphic is the distribution of 107 00:04:04,309 --> 00:04:02,400 brightness from this spot as a function 108 00:04:05,190 --> 00:04:04,319 of wavelength or color 109 00:04:06,070 --> 00:04:05,200 um 110 00:04:07,910 --> 00:04:06,080 now 111 00:04:09,509 --> 00:04:07,920 different molecules 112 00:04:10,869 --> 00:04:09,519 okay there there it is and i'm going to 113 00:04:12,390 --> 00:04:10,879 be talking about 114 00:04:14,470 --> 00:04:12,400 that's ultraviolet light this is 115 00:04:16,629 --> 00:04:14,480 ultraviolet light the uh the wavelength 116 00:04:18,310 --> 00:04:16,639 is probably hard to read off that scale 117 00:04:21,509 --> 00:04:18,320 off the image there but it goes from 118 00:04:22,710 --> 00:04:21,519 about 150 nanometers to 3000 nanometers 119 00:04:23,749 --> 00:04:22,720 so this is light that doesn't get 120 00:04:24,950 --> 00:04:23,759 transmitted through the earth's 121 00:04:26,790 --> 00:04:24,960 atmosphere you need to be above the 122 00:04:29,189 --> 00:04:26,800 earth's atmosphere to observe it and 123 00:04:31,510 --> 00:04:29,199 that's why we use the uh 124 00:04:33,830 --> 00:04:31,520 the the hubble thin object spectrograph 125 00:04:37,110 --> 00:04:33,840 to make to make these measurements 126 00:04:38,870 --> 00:04:37,120 so what we see there is the ratio of the 127 00:04:40,710 --> 00:04:38,880 light from jupiter 128 00:04:42,550 --> 00:04:40,720 after the impact to the light from 129 00:04:43,510 --> 00:04:42,560 jupiter before the impact 130 00:04:45,590 --> 00:04:43,520 and 131 00:04:46,710 --> 00:04:45,600 uh you can see that the ratio is not one 132 00:04:48,310 --> 00:04:46,720 which tells us right away that 133 00:04:50,070 --> 00:04:48,320 something's changed it's less than if it 134 00:04:51,430 --> 00:04:50,080 were one it would be a straight line 135 00:04:53,590 --> 00:04:51,440 right if it were one it would be a 136 00:04:55,830 --> 00:04:53,600 straight line across the top of that 137 00:04:58,629 --> 00:04:55,840 image it's somewhere varies from about 138 00:05:00,790 --> 00:04:58,639 0.2 to i guess 0.7 139 00:05:03,749 --> 00:05:00,800 so what that tells us is that these 140 00:05:05,270 --> 00:05:03,759 spots are darker in the uv 141 00:05:07,430 --> 00:05:05,280 after the impact than they were before 142 00:05:09,590 --> 00:05:07,440 and we knew that already from the 143 00:05:11,430 --> 00:05:09,600 images it's no surprise but if you look 144 00:05:12,550 --> 00:05:11,440 very carefully distribution with light 145 00:05:15,990 --> 00:05:12,560 with wavelength you can look for 146 00:05:19,110 --> 00:05:16,000 molecules molecules absorb at specific 147 00:05:20,870 --> 00:05:19,120 specific wavelengths specific colors 148 00:05:22,790 --> 00:05:20,880 that are their own signatures so one 149 00:05:24,950 --> 00:05:22,800 molecule will absorb at one wavelength 150 00:05:26,710 --> 00:05:24,960 another molecule will absorb at another 151 00:05:29,029 --> 00:05:26,720 wavelength and by analyzing this you can 152 00:05:30,950 --> 00:05:29,039 identify some molecules yesterday keith 153 00:05:34,070 --> 00:05:30,960 knowl told you about ammonia 154 00:05:36,390 --> 00:05:34,080 which happens to absorb light 155 00:05:38,710 --> 00:05:36,400 right around 2000 angstroms where which 156 00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:38,720 is the minimum in that spectrum there 157 00:05:42,629 --> 00:05:40,320 and there's there's ripples there if you 158 00:05:44,230 --> 00:05:42,639 look here carefully you can see ripples 159 00:05:46,230 --> 00:05:44,240 in the spectrum which are characteristic 160 00:05:48,629 --> 00:05:46,240 of the ammonia what he didn't show you 161 00:05:49,430 --> 00:05:48,639 yesterday were the larger ripples to the 162 00:05:54,790 --> 00:05:49,440 right 163 00:05:55,670 --> 00:05:54,800 at about 27 270 nanometers 164 00:05:57,510 --> 00:05:55,680 um 165 00:05:58,950 --> 00:05:57,520 they're about well i think they're 166 00:06:00,870 --> 00:05:58,960 fairly obvious there it looks sort of 167 00:06:01,990 --> 00:06:00,880 like fish bones or something 168 00:06:03,430 --> 00:06:02,000 um 169 00:06:05,270 --> 00:06:03,440 and that was very exciting when we saw 170 00:06:08,390 --> 00:06:05,280 that yesterday but we had no idea what 171 00:06:09,990 --> 00:06:08,400 it was and so we spent the last 48 hours 172 00:06:11,749 --> 00:06:10,000 or so trying to figure out what this 173 00:06:14,230 --> 00:06:11,759 molecule was 174 00:06:17,110 --> 00:06:14,240 and it was some something of a mystery 175 00:06:18,870 --> 00:06:17,120 there are a few clues that you can that 176 00:06:21,909 --> 00:06:18,880 we went by in the spectrum first of all 177 00:06:23,189 --> 00:06:21,919 it's very regular spacing of ripples in 178 00:06:25,670 --> 00:06:23,199 that and that tells you that it's a 179 00:06:27,350 --> 00:06:25,680 simple molecule secondly the ripples are 180 00:06:29,029 --> 00:06:27,360 close together and that tells you that 181 00:06:30,230 --> 00:06:29,039 it's a heavy molecule 182 00:06:32,469 --> 00:06:30,240 so 183 00:06:34,390 --> 00:06:32,479 armed with that that eliminates 184 00:06:35,830 --> 00:06:34,400 some number of molecules in the universe 185 00:06:37,990 --> 00:06:35,840 but um 186 00:06:39,430 --> 00:06:38,000 i should have said first of all that we 187 00:06:41,909 --> 00:06:39,440 had expectations about what we were 188 00:06:43,430 --> 00:06:41,919 going to see um we knew what molecules 189 00:06:45,189 --> 00:06:43,440 to look for and where to look for them 190 00:06:47,029 --> 00:06:45,199 and we didn't see those we saw ammonia 191 00:06:49,029 --> 00:06:47,039 which was expected but this is something 192 00:06:50,790 --> 00:06:49,039 that was totally unexpected so we didn't 193 00:06:52,230 --> 00:06:50,800 we didn't recognize it right away we had 194 00:06:54,390 --> 00:06:52,240 to go off and search 195 00:06:56,469 --> 00:06:54,400 spectra of all the molecules that we 196 00:06:59,990 --> 00:06:56,479 could think of to find out what this was 197 00:07:02,070 --> 00:07:00,000 and none of the simple ones matched up 198 00:07:04,550 --> 00:07:02,080 so we got more and more complex uh 199 00:07:06,230 --> 00:07:04,560 perplexed and kept looking 200 00:07:09,110 --> 00:07:06,240 but as i said we had these clues it's 201 00:07:10,390 --> 00:07:09,120 heavy uh and it's simple and finally um 202 00:07:13,670 --> 00:07:10,400 about three o'clock in the morning we 203 00:07:15,749 --> 00:07:13,680 started zeroing in on sulfur and in fact 204 00:07:19,029 --> 00:07:15,759 it's a very those uh features are very 205 00:07:21,909 --> 00:07:19,039 good match to the spectrum of sulfur 206 00:07:25,029 --> 00:07:21,919 sulfur gas s2 the s2 molecule 207 00:07:26,950 --> 00:07:25,039 sometimes called the dimer the two 208 00:07:29,270 --> 00:07:26,960 similar molecules so similar atoms in 209 00:07:34,230 --> 00:07:29,280 the same molecule um 210 00:07:36,629 --> 00:07:35,110 um 211 00:07:38,070 --> 00:07:36,639 can't get them all it's a diatomic 212 00:07:39,990 --> 00:07:38,080 molecule 213 00:07:42,790 --> 00:07:40,000 it's um 214 00:07:45,670 --> 00:07:42,800 anyway so so that's a definite detection 215 00:07:46,710 --> 00:07:45,680 of s2 molecule in in the atmosphere of 216 00:07:47,510 --> 00:07:46,720 jupiter 217 00:07:49,350 --> 00:07:47,520 now 218 00:07:52,710 --> 00:07:49,360 also there's there's some more structure 219 00:07:56,309 --> 00:07:54,390 in addition to ammonia at the shorter 220 00:07:57,830 --> 00:07:56,319 wavelengths where that big minimum is 221 00:07:59,350 --> 00:07:57,840 and by looking carefully at that we 222 00:08:02,230 --> 00:07:59,360 think that there's probably some 223 00:08:04,230 --> 00:08:02,240 hydrogen sulfide h2s in the spectrum at 224 00:08:05,510 --> 00:08:04,240 that location that's not as clear-cut as 225 00:08:07,830 --> 00:08:05,520 the s2 226 00:08:10,629 --> 00:08:07,840 but um 227 00:08:12,390 --> 00:08:10,639 but nevertheless it it may be there the 228 00:08:14,550 --> 00:08:12,400 spectrum is consistent with the presence 229 00:08:16,070 --> 00:08:14,560 of hydrogen sulfide we haven't it might 230 00:08:17,670 --> 00:08:16,080 be possible to explain it with something 231 00:08:20,309 --> 00:08:17,680 else also and we're not sure of that yet 232 00:08:23,510 --> 00:08:20,319 but but it seems to be consistent with 233 00:08:28,150 --> 00:08:24,830 hey thank you 234 00:08:30,629 --> 00:08:28,160 roger s2 was found in comet irs iraqi 235 00:08:33,029 --> 00:08:30,639 alcock yes that's that's true it uh has 236 00:08:34,949 --> 00:08:33,039 been seen in one comet before 237 00:08:36,149 --> 00:08:34,959 sulfur is 238 00:08:39,509 --> 00:08:36,159 is um 239 00:08:41,589 --> 00:08:39,519 seen in all most comets i believe in uh 240 00:08:43,269 --> 00:08:41,599 although not in the s2 molecule and 241 00:08:44,790 --> 00:08:43,279 we're going to have to do some work to 242 00:08:46,230 --> 00:08:44,800 try to determine whether this sulfur 243 00:08:48,230 --> 00:08:46,240 there's of course sulfur also in the 244 00:08:50,230 --> 00:08:48,240 atmosphere of jupiter and it's not 245 00:08:52,150 --> 00:08:50,240 obvious just from this result at this 246 00:08:54,550 --> 00:08:52,160 point whether the sulfur is from the 247 00:08:55,829 --> 00:08:54,560 comet or from the atmosphere 248 00:08:58,230 --> 00:08:55,839 okay and of course 249 00:09:00,870 --> 00:08:58,240 as everyone knows hubble doesn't just 250 00:09:02,949 --> 00:09:00,880 take spectra it also takes images 251 00:09:05,030 --> 00:09:02,959 and one of the areas of the study the 252 00:09:06,870 --> 00:09:05,040 comet i think we have not heard about in 253 00:09:09,269 --> 00:09:06,880 these briefings thus far because we 254 00:09:11,829 --> 00:09:09,279 haven't had a lot of news in that area 255 00:09:13,430 --> 00:09:11,839 has to do with the effects involving the 256 00:09:17,110 --> 00:09:13,440 magnetic field of jupiter and the 257 00:09:18,870 --> 00:09:17,120 interaction with the comet and dr renee 258 00:09:21,829 --> 00:09:18,880 pranget from the onset of destro 259 00:09:23,430 --> 00:09:21,839 physique spatial and or say who can 260 00:09:24,389 --> 00:09:23,440 pronounce all those words much better 261 00:09:27,030 --> 00:09:24,399 than i 262 00:09:29,030 --> 00:09:27,040 is involved in the hubble imaging team 263 00:09:30,550 --> 00:09:29,040 working on these problems and tell us 264 00:09:31,910 --> 00:09:30,560 what you've been learning 265 00:09:34,470 --> 00:09:31,920 okay 266 00:09:36,710 --> 00:09:34,480 it's right but our one of our major 267 00:09:38,389 --> 00:09:36,720 interests in the in the observation 268 00:09:39,990 --> 00:09:38,399 on top of uh 269 00:09:42,389 --> 00:09:40,000 studying the up atmosphere of jupiter 270 00:09:44,230 --> 00:09:42,399 was to understand the physics at work in 271 00:09:47,110 --> 00:09:44,240 the meritosphere and since the 272 00:09:49,509 --> 00:09:47,120 magnetosphere is not a trivial 273 00:09:51,030 --> 00:09:49,519 object i will just briefly put it into 274 00:09:53,670 --> 00:09:51,040 context before i discuss the 275 00:09:55,750 --> 00:09:53,680 observations jupiter like the earth is a 276 00:09:57,829 --> 00:09:55,760 very strong magnet and the magnetic 277 00:09:58,949 --> 00:09:57,839 field lines delineate cars cavity in the 278 00:10:01,430 --> 00:09:58,959 surface 279 00:10:02,870 --> 00:10:01,440 where a lot of plasma which plasma 280 00:10:06,069 --> 00:10:02,880 dragon is a 281 00:10:07,910 --> 00:10:06,079 tenuous ionized gas of electrons and 282 00:10:09,829 --> 00:10:07,920 ions are confined 283 00:10:11,590 --> 00:10:09,839 this cavity is very extended it's 284 00:10:13,269 --> 00:10:11,600 millions of kilometers in diameter it's 285 00:10:15,670 --> 00:10:13,279 five times the sun 286 00:10:18,389 --> 00:10:15,680 and the tails extends 287 00:10:20,949 --> 00:10:18,399 still farther at times it goes up 288 00:10:23,750 --> 00:10:20,959 up or down as you would like to saturn 289 00:10:25,990 --> 00:10:23,760 which is five astronomical units 290 00:10:28,470 --> 00:10:26,000 so the magnetosphere of any magnus 291 00:10:29,990 --> 00:10:28,480 planet is a huge natural laboratory from 292 00:10:31,990 --> 00:10:30,000 plasma physics and that's why we're 293 00:10:34,069 --> 00:10:32,000 interested in that 294 00:10:35,829 --> 00:10:34,079 unlike the atmosphere that you have seen 295 00:10:37,590 --> 00:10:35,839 a lot in the last few days the minor 296 00:10:39,670 --> 00:10:37,600 sphere of jupiter is not visible 297 00:10:41,430 --> 00:10:39,680 practically invisible at all wavelengths 298 00:10:43,990 --> 00:10:41,440 except in the dissymmetric radio 299 00:10:46,389 --> 00:10:44,000 wavelength which is which has been used 300 00:10:49,430 --> 00:10:46,399 to discover the magnetic field jupiter 301 00:10:51,590 --> 00:10:49,440 so we can only study the magnetosphere 302 00:10:53,509 --> 00:10:51,600 by deep space mission in situ 303 00:10:54,310 --> 00:10:53,519 measurements or 304 00:10:57,509 --> 00:10:54,320 by 305 00:11:00,310 --> 00:10:57,519 monitoring remotely the oral emissions 306 00:11:01,590 --> 00:11:00,320 and that's why we are interested in that 307 00:11:05,030 --> 00:11:01,600 the arrays 308 00:11:08,630 --> 00:11:05,040 that you again are like the orion earth 309 00:11:10,470 --> 00:11:08,640 or which are also because polar lights 310 00:11:12,550 --> 00:11:10,480 they are at the end of the chain of 311 00:11:14,389 --> 00:11:12,560 processes in magnetosphere 312 00:11:16,710 --> 00:11:14,399 it's at the at the place where 313 00:11:19,750 --> 00:11:16,720 energetic chart particles 314 00:11:20,550 --> 00:11:19,760 so electron and ions finally fall and we 315 00:11:21,910 --> 00:11:20,560 say 316 00:11:24,069 --> 00:11:21,920 precipitate 317 00:11:25,430 --> 00:11:24,079 on the top of the upper atmosphere and 318 00:11:27,030 --> 00:11:25,440 the energy of the collision of these 319 00:11:29,269 --> 00:11:27,040 particles and the constituents the 320 00:11:31,430 --> 00:11:29,279 species of the atmosphere 321 00:11:34,150 --> 00:11:31,440 makes the atmosphere shine 322 00:11:36,389 --> 00:11:34,160 either in the uv or indian fried not in 323 00:11:37,269 --> 00:11:36,399 the visible spectrum 324 00:11:39,269 --> 00:11:37,279 and 325 00:11:41,030 --> 00:11:39,279 you can see on this 326 00:11:44,069 --> 00:11:41,040 picture which is on top which is an 327 00:11:46,310 --> 00:11:44,079 image of the with peak 2 camera 328 00:11:48,790 --> 00:11:46,320 about around 329 00:11:49,750 --> 00:11:48,800 below 2000 angstrom in the far ultra 330 00:11:51,190 --> 00:11:49,760 violet 331 00:11:53,350 --> 00:11:51,200 so it's not visible 332 00:11:57,030 --> 00:11:53,360 just by naked eyes 333 00:11:59,030 --> 00:11:57,040 on both sides and polar the polar 334 00:12:01,910 --> 00:11:59,040 region north and south you can see this 335 00:12:04,069 --> 00:12:01,920 light kinds of ovals with spots which 336 00:12:05,910 --> 00:12:04,079 are the footprint of magnetic field 337 00:12:08,310 --> 00:12:05,920 lines will go far away in the 338 00:12:09,590 --> 00:12:08,320 magnetosphere jupiter and where the 339 00:12:11,110 --> 00:12:09,600 particles 340 00:12:13,750 --> 00:12:11,120 which are along these magnetic field 341 00:12:15,509 --> 00:12:13,760 lines they fall down and they impact the 342 00:12:17,430 --> 00:12:15,519 atmosphere they make it shine 343 00:12:21,269 --> 00:12:17,440 for us it's a signature what happens in 344 00:12:24,470 --> 00:12:23,110 we have been using two cameras we have 345 00:12:25,750 --> 00:12:24,480 been using the with pic 2 which is the 346 00:12:27,750 --> 00:12:25,760 american 347 00:12:29,750 --> 00:12:27,760 camera we have been also using the faint 348 00:12:32,069 --> 00:12:29,760 of the camera which is the european 349 00:12:33,509 --> 00:12:32,079 camera on board 350 00:12:35,990 --> 00:12:33,519 hst 351 00:12:37,750 --> 00:12:36,000 this is an image which has been taken 352 00:12:39,430 --> 00:12:37,760 on july 13 353 00:12:40,870 --> 00:12:39,440 before the impact two days before the 354 00:12:41,910 --> 00:12:40,880 first impact 355 00:12:46,150 --> 00:12:41,920 and 356 00:12:47,910 --> 00:12:46,160 already one week after the first uh 357 00:12:49,350 --> 00:12:47,920 dust been 358 00:12:50,550 --> 00:12:49,360 consistent 359 00:12:52,790 --> 00:12:50,560 sufficient dust was inside the 360 00:12:54,710 --> 00:12:52,800 magnetosphere that you could expect some 361 00:12:55,990 --> 00:12:54,720 effect from the dust with the plasma in 362 00:12:57,430 --> 00:12:56,000 the magnetosphere there had been a lot 363 00:12:59,670 --> 00:12:57,440 of prediction of what could happen in 364 00:13:01,509 --> 00:12:59,680 the magnetosphere some effects could 365 00:13:03,910 --> 00:13:01,519 come from the dust in the living leading 366 00:13:05,269 --> 00:13:03,920 edge some could come from the comet of 367 00:13:06,870 --> 00:13:05,279 the matrix 368 00:13:08,389 --> 00:13:06,880 the comet itself 369 00:13:09,750 --> 00:13:08,399 interfering with the plasma in the 370 00:13:11,910 --> 00:13:09,760 magnetosphere 371 00:13:14,790 --> 00:13:11,920 and we could expect to see some effect 372 00:13:15,990 --> 00:13:14,800 even before like precursors of the 373 00:13:18,150 --> 00:13:16,000 impacts 374 00:13:21,190 --> 00:13:18,160 in this image you can see also the north 375 00:13:23,750 --> 00:13:21,200 pole the south pole we cannot see the 376 00:13:25,350 --> 00:13:23,760 can we have that graphic back please 377 00:13:26,949 --> 00:13:25,360 so we can we cannot have the whole 378 00:13:29,269 --> 00:13:26,959 planet because the field of view of the 379 00:13:31,190 --> 00:13:29,279 faint object camera is much smaller than 380 00:13:32,150 --> 00:13:31,200 the field of view of the weave peak too 381 00:13:34,150 --> 00:13:32,160 but 382 00:13:36,310 --> 00:13:34,160 the interest of the internet camera is 383 00:13:39,030 --> 00:13:36,320 that you can get we have a very very 384 00:13:40,629 --> 00:13:39,040 good spatial resolution you can get very 385 00:13:42,150 --> 00:13:40,639 faint details so they're very 386 00:13:44,790 --> 00:13:42,160 complementary 387 00:13:46,629 --> 00:13:44,800 and on this graphic you can see what we 388 00:13:48,870 --> 00:13:46,639 are somewhat too frustrated because we 389 00:13:50,470 --> 00:13:48,880 didn't see anything spectacular before 390 00:13:52,389 --> 00:13:50,480 before the impacts 391 00:13:54,150 --> 00:13:52,399 we already had 392 00:13:56,150 --> 00:13:54,160 images of the of the aurora they looked 393 00:13:59,030 --> 00:13:56,160 like that except that the north aurora 394 00:14:01,750 --> 00:13:59,040 consistently look somewhat fainter maybe 395 00:14:03,670 --> 00:14:01,760 at times much fainter than usual 396 00:14:04,949 --> 00:14:03,680 and it looks fainter than south aurora 397 00:14:06,710 --> 00:14:04,959 which is a 398 00:14:07,910 --> 00:14:06,720 nice necklace 399 00:14:11,509 --> 00:14:07,920 on the 400 00:14:13,509 --> 00:14:11,519 we got the same kind of result with our 401 00:14:15,990 --> 00:14:13,519 ue we have been monitoring the aurora 402 00:14:17,509 --> 00:14:16,000 with by ue4 several weeks already and we 403 00:14:19,110 --> 00:14:17,519 found that the north aurora was weaker 404 00:14:21,590 --> 00:14:19,120 we cannot tell why we cannot understand 405 00:14:23,269 --> 00:14:21,600 that we expect that if any fainting we 406 00:14:25,590 --> 00:14:23,279 expected it in the south because the 407 00:14:28,310 --> 00:14:25,600 dust could be inhibiting the 408 00:14:29,829 --> 00:14:28,320 process that would give rise to zero 409 00:14:32,470 --> 00:14:29,839 we get it right in the north maybe it's 410 00:14:34,150 --> 00:14:32,480 just coincidence but we have to but 411 00:14:35,750 --> 00:14:34,160 maybe it's brighter couldn't it be 412 00:14:37,829 --> 00:14:35,760 brighter in the south and it's being 413 00:14:39,350 --> 00:14:37,839 enhanced by the dust from the comet 414 00:14:41,030 --> 00:14:39,360 fragments oh it's clearly fainter i 415 00:14:43,350 --> 00:14:41,040 don't know we have a lot of trouble 416 00:14:45,430 --> 00:14:43,360 getting the nose okay normally this you 417 00:14:47,670 --> 00:14:45,440 can see a novel which is around you have 418 00:14:49,430 --> 00:14:47,680 a spot in the middle this is very very 419 00:14:51,350 --> 00:14:49,440 obvious in all the data and you find 420 00:14:52,790 --> 00:14:51,360 this both with the hubble telescope and 421 00:14:54,629 --> 00:14:52,800 with the international ultraviolet 422 00:14:56,230 --> 00:14:54,639 explorer with both 423 00:14:58,310 --> 00:14:56,240 so we can tell for sure it's an effect 424 00:15:00,150 --> 00:14:58,320 of the combat but it may be an effect a 425 00:15:01,750 --> 00:15:00,160 general global effect of of the deaths 426 00:15:05,189 --> 00:15:01,760 in the magnetosphere 427 00:15:07,350 --> 00:15:05,199 then we got this nice image on july two 428 00:15:09,509 --> 00:15:07,360 days ago with july 18 429 00:15:11,750 --> 00:15:09,519 yes with the we've picked two that i 430 00:15:13,110 --> 00:15:11,760 hope we'll get here 431 00:15:17,189 --> 00:15:13,120 on the screen 432 00:15:21,910 --> 00:15:20,069 and you can compare this image to the 433 00:15:23,750 --> 00:15:21,920 the one we got before 434 00:15:26,069 --> 00:15:23,760 you can see the aurora on top the north 435 00:15:27,750 --> 00:15:26,079 it's still fainter you can see the the 436 00:15:29,829 --> 00:15:27,760 left edge you can see the aurora and the 437 00:15:32,069 --> 00:15:29,839 south and below 438 00:15:35,110 --> 00:15:32,079 the the north oral valley you have two 439 00:15:37,350 --> 00:15:35,120 bright spots which are very low for us 440 00:15:39,590 --> 00:15:37,360 it's very low latitude it's totally 441 00:15:42,230 --> 00:15:39,600 unusual it was not unexpected i can't 442 00:15:44,710 --> 00:15:42,240 tell there have been predictions 443 00:15:46,949 --> 00:15:44,720 that maybe the the comet 444 00:15:48,949 --> 00:15:46,959 plasma could be ionized 445 00:15:51,749 --> 00:15:48,959 they could this could drive current and 446 00:15:53,829 --> 00:15:51,759 it and it could enhance the 447 00:15:55,590 --> 00:15:53,839 create okay so the two bright spots 448 00:15:57,749 --> 00:15:55,600 you're talking about are the upper left 449 00:15:59,590 --> 00:15:57,759 and the upper left on the 450 00:16:00,949 --> 00:15:59,600 just at the footprints of this new 451 00:16:02,389 --> 00:16:00,959 magnetic field lines which have been 452 00:16:04,230 --> 00:16:02,399 drawn now 453 00:16:07,590 --> 00:16:04,240 and this is quite new we never saw that 454 00:16:09,269 --> 00:16:07,600 we never saw any aura below what is the 455 00:16:11,509 --> 00:16:09,279 one you have seen on the 456 00:16:14,790 --> 00:16:11,519 previous two graphics so that's to make 457 00:16:17,030 --> 00:16:14,800 sure i understand what you're proposing 458 00:16:19,189 --> 00:16:17,040 you think that material from the from 459 00:16:21,269 --> 00:16:19,199 the south pole where the fragments are 460 00:16:22,949 --> 00:16:21,279 impacting might be drawn through the 461 00:16:25,350 --> 00:16:22,959 magnetic field lines up to the north 462 00:16:27,509 --> 00:16:25,360 pole right that's what i think 463 00:16:29,590 --> 00:16:27,519 there have been well if you 464 00:16:30,870 --> 00:16:29,600 if you look back to the the prediction 465 00:16:33,350 --> 00:16:30,880 has been made 466 00:16:35,670 --> 00:16:33,360 it's one it's clear that we expected 467 00:16:36,550 --> 00:16:35,680 some effect of the of the ionized plasma 468 00:16:41,670 --> 00:16:36,560 in the 469 00:16:43,430 --> 00:16:41,680 but we didn't know what we could do and 470 00:16:45,749 --> 00:16:43,440 in any case we expected to get something 471 00:16:46,870 --> 00:16:45,759 in the south not in the north 472 00:16:48,310 --> 00:16:46,880 and we 473 00:16:50,550 --> 00:16:48,320 we worked out a lot to get the 474 00:16:52,150 --> 00:16:50,560 possibility to have close field lines 475 00:16:54,629 --> 00:16:52,160 because the magnetosphere at times the 476 00:16:56,389 --> 00:16:54,639 field lines that are open to the to the 477 00:16:58,310 --> 00:16:56,399 solar wind so in that case something 478 00:17:00,069 --> 00:16:58,320 which happened in the south do not have 479 00:17:02,230 --> 00:17:00,079 any counterpart in the part in the other 480 00:17:03,430 --> 00:17:02,240 hemisphere so we worked the geometry so 481 00:17:05,590 --> 00:17:03,440 that we can get 482 00:17:08,949 --> 00:17:05,600 a close field line with a footprint 483 00:17:10,789 --> 00:17:08,959 print in the north visible also from her 484 00:17:11,909 --> 00:17:10,799 so the north and south are connected by 485 00:17:13,750 --> 00:17:11,919 the magnetic field okay they're 486 00:17:16,150 --> 00:17:13,760 connected they're connected and on top 487 00:17:17,909 --> 00:17:16,160 of that the footprint of the north is in 488 00:17:19,829 --> 00:17:17,919 front because the field line is 489 00:17:21,429 --> 00:17:19,839 distorted in the meridian plane so we 490 00:17:23,270 --> 00:17:21,439 can you can see the footprint in the 491 00:17:25,909 --> 00:17:23,280 south it's just right at the limb but 492 00:17:27,590 --> 00:17:25,919 you can see it's already 30 or 40 493 00:17:28,870 --> 00:17:27,600 degrees on the on the limb on the do you 494 00:17:30,470 --> 00:17:28,880 think the 495 00:17:32,549 --> 00:17:30,480 north if you imagine it's kind of a bar 496 00:17:35,110 --> 00:17:32,559 magnet inside jupiter that 497 00:17:38,070 --> 00:17:35,120 is responsible for magnetic field 498 00:17:40,470 --> 00:17:38,080 the uh in that model then the bar is off 499 00:17:42,070 --> 00:17:40,480 center and tilting off the center tilted 500 00:17:44,549 --> 00:17:42,080 and that's why it can be in 501 00:17:47,110 --> 00:17:44,559 these lines can be in back on the south 502 00:17:48,950 --> 00:17:47,120 and in front uh on the north so we are 503 00:17:49,909 --> 00:17:48,960 lucky we're not only working we work it 504 00:17:51,750 --> 00:17:49,919 out 505 00:17:53,350 --> 00:17:51,760 and we get this bright spot in the north 506 00:17:55,590 --> 00:17:53,360 but we have nothing in the star in the 507 00:17:57,430 --> 00:17:55,600 and we didn't get anything except you 508 00:17:59,750 --> 00:17:57,440 maybe you can 509 00:18:01,990 --> 00:17:59,760 see something very very faint and 510 00:18:03,909 --> 00:18:02,000 diffuse at the footprint of the 511 00:18:06,230 --> 00:18:03,919 larger in the south of the larger field 512 00:18:08,310 --> 00:18:06,240 line we cannot tell well that that's 513 00:18:09,830 --> 00:18:08,320 probably not precipitation of particles 514 00:18:11,510 --> 00:18:09,840 we do not know what it is it may be 515 00:18:13,590 --> 00:18:11,520 related 516 00:18:16,310 --> 00:18:13,600 but this on the on the north pole it's 517 00:18:18,310 --> 00:18:16,320 it's necessarily energetic particles so 518 00:18:20,870 --> 00:18:18,320 something happened some material from 519 00:18:23,110 --> 00:18:20,880 the coma from the comet itself 520 00:18:24,549 --> 00:18:23,120 was liberated in the south pole 521 00:18:26,390 --> 00:18:24,559 accelerated 522 00:18:28,310 --> 00:18:26,400 by somewhere along these magnetic field 523 00:18:31,350 --> 00:18:28,320 lines and fell into the northern 524 00:18:33,990 --> 00:18:31,360 hemisphere like like an iron gun in fact 525 00:18:35,430 --> 00:18:34,000 now renee would these be visible in 526 00:18:36,789 --> 00:18:35,440 visible light where our eyes are 527 00:18:39,270 --> 00:18:36,799 sensitive 528 00:18:40,230 --> 00:18:39,280 ultraviolet the oral emission i mean the 529 00:18:42,230 --> 00:18:40,240 emission 530 00:18:43,990 --> 00:18:42,240 exact collisionally excited and the 531 00:18:46,630 --> 00:18:44,000 atmosphere jupiter they cannot be seen 532 00:18:48,870 --> 00:18:46,640 in the visible only in the ultraviolet 533 00:18:51,270 --> 00:18:48,880 from the it depends on the composition 534 00:18:54,150 --> 00:18:51,280 of the atmosphere on earth it's visible 535 00:18:56,549 --> 00:18:54,160 on jupiter it's mainly from hydrogen or 536 00:18:59,190 --> 00:18:56,559 for hydrocarbons and it's either 537 00:19:01,750 --> 00:18:59,200 ultraviolet or infrared unfortunately 538 00:19:03,909 --> 00:19:01,760 you can see them in the visible 539 00:19:05,430 --> 00:19:03,919 so that's a major i think it's a major 540 00:19:07,750 --> 00:19:05,440 discovery we have to understand what 541 00:19:09,590 --> 00:19:07,760 happens we have two options so far maybe 542 00:19:11,190 --> 00:19:09,600 there are other options open but we 543 00:19:13,510 --> 00:19:11,200 thought of two 544 00:19:16,390 --> 00:19:13,520 either the the 545 00:19:18,150 --> 00:19:16,400 material was liberated after impact 546 00:19:19,990 --> 00:19:18,160 and we got it along the field lines and 547 00:19:22,070 --> 00:19:20,000 we we seen the north and that's why we 548 00:19:23,990 --> 00:19:22,080 do not see anything in the south or 549 00:19:25,669 --> 00:19:24,000 another possibility which has was 550 00:19:28,070 --> 00:19:25,679 predicted in fact and i i think i should 551 00:19:30,390 --> 00:19:28,080 send an email to dr wing ip we have said 552 00:19:33,350 --> 00:19:30,400 the published a paper 553 00:19:37,029 --> 00:19:33,360 very uh short ago telling that within 554 00:19:40,070 --> 00:19:37,039 one jovian radius we have the conditions 555 00:19:42,870 --> 00:19:40,080 so that the coma entering before impact 556 00:19:45,029 --> 00:19:42,880 could uh create a current along the 557 00:19:47,669 --> 00:19:45,039 field lines which would be the condition 558 00:19:49,510 --> 00:19:47,679 for such an effect to appear so you have 559 00:19:51,270 --> 00:19:49,520 to do more 560 00:19:53,190 --> 00:19:51,280 than just 561 00:19:56,070 --> 00:19:53,200 throw stuff up from the impact you have 562 00:19:58,789 --> 00:19:56,080 to have an elec electrical or magnetic 563 00:20:01,190 --> 00:19:58,799 process that accelerates these uh 564 00:20:02,789 --> 00:20:01,200 electrified particles and drives them up 565 00:20:04,870 --> 00:20:02,799 the magnetic field 566 00:20:06,710 --> 00:20:04,880 you have to get like an electric circuit 567 00:20:09,190 --> 00:20:06,720 and then you have to have like 568 00:20:11,430 --> 00:20:09,200 kilo volts of potential drops to 569 00:20:13,190 --> 00:20:11,440 accelerate the particle to high enough 570 00:20:15,350 --> 00:20:13,200 thousands of volts to accelerate the 571 00:20:17,110 --> 00:20:15,360 particles so it's it's not not an easy 572 00:20:18,789 --> 00:20:17,120 process and we have to to work on that 573 00:20:20,230 --> 00:20:18,799 and it's a lot of modelling probably and 574 00:20:21,909 --> 00:20:20,240 we learned a lot about the plasma 575 00:20:24,470 --> 00:20:21,919 physics in general and jupiter in 576 00:20:26,950 --> 00:20:24,480 particular great thank you dr pranje i 577 00:20:29,270 --> 00:20:26,960 think these are two uh 578 00:20:30,870 --> 00:20:29,280 really fascinating findings from the 579 00:20:32,789 --> 00:20:30,880 hubble telescope 580 00:20:34,630 --> 00:20:32,799 and we had an assist from the iue and 581 00:20:37,510 --> 00:20:34,640 i'm sure we'll be hearing more about iue 582 00:20:39,510 --> 00:20:37,520 as the week goes on now i have to tear 583 00:20:41,510 --> 00:20:39,520 myself away from this orbiting 584 00:20:43,029 --> 00:20:41,520 observatory there are 585 00:20:45,590 --> 00:20:43,039 we used to say there were hundreds of 586 00:20:47,830 --> 00:20:45,600 telescopes looking at jupiter this week 587 00:20:50,149 --> 00:20:47,840 now from the reports coming in that 588 00:20:53,029 --> 00:20:50,159 amateur astronomers and the public are 589 00:20:56,070 --> 00:20:53,039 streaming into uh observatory science 590 00:20:57,750 --> 00:20:56,080 museums i think lucy mcfadden 591 00:20:59,830 --> 00:20:57,760 told me this morning hundreds of people 592 00:21:03,510 --> 00:20:59,840 are coming to the university of maryland 593 00:21:06,630 --> 00:21:03,520 observatory uh over here near uh adelphi 594 00:21:09,029 --> 00:21:06,640 uh the uh there probably are thousands 595 00:21:10,470 --> 00:21:09,039 of telescopes looking they won't all see 596 00:21:12,789 --> 00:21:10,480 an aurora that you have to look in 597 00:21:14,950 --> 00:21:12,799 ultraviolet light but what are the 598 00:21:17,270 --> 00:21:14,960 telescopes on the ground finding lucy 599 00:21:18,630 --> 00:21:17,280 mcfadden well actually steve with that 600 00:21:21,029 --> 00:21:18,640 with that introduction i think i'm going 601 00:21:24,870 --> 00:21:21,039 to let david levy talk about the 602 00:21:26,549 --> 00:21:24,880 hundreds of of telescopes that that uh 603 00:21:28,310 --> 00:21:26,559 are being pointed toward jupiter and let 604 00:21:29,990 --> 00:21:28,320 him talk about what the amateurs are 605 00:21:31,750 --> 00:21:30,000 seeing and the role they can play in the 606 00:21:33,590 --> 00:21:31,760 science and then i'll come back and okay 607 00:21:35,909 --> 00:21:33,600 we'll go fill in on ground based okay 608 00:21:37,830 --> 00:21:35,919 this is almost a contest as to uh which 609 00:21:39,190 --> 00:21:37,840 is which is the best surprise which is 610 00:21:40,710 --> 00:21:39,200 the biggest surprise of this whole 611 00:21:43,510 --> 00:21:40,720 magnificent week 612 00:21:45,510 --> 00:21:43,520 and i i can't say that the fact that 613 00:21:47,190 --> 00:21:45,520 these dark spots are visible for 614 00:21:48,870 --> 00:21:47,200 virtually everybody to see is the 615 00:21:49,990 --> 00:21:48,880 biggest surprise but it sure is one of 616 00:21:53,510 --> 00:21:50,000 the biggest 617 00:21:55,750 --> 00:21:53,520 nobody expected this uh we have some 618 00:22:00,149 --> 00:21:55,760 very large spots on jupiter they seem to 619 00:22:01,909 --> 00:22:00,159 be uh the the the brightest ones at the 620 00:22:04,470 --> 00:22:01,919 latest that i heard still is the one 621 00:22:07,029 --> 00:22:04,480 from the impact of fragment g 622 00:22:08,070 --> 00:22:07,039 and it seems to me 623 00:22:10,070 --> 00:22:08,080 that 624 00:22:12,070 --> 00:22:10,080 no matter what part of the world you're 625 00:22:14,470 --> 00:22:12,080 on and no matter what area you're 626 00:22:16,870 --> 00:22:14,480 watching that's by now there are enough 627 00:22:19,669 --> 00:22:16,880 of these spots that no matter where you 628 00:22:21,909 --> 00:22:19,679 are when jupiter gets to be 629 00:22:23,909 --> 00:22:21,919 when jupiter is in the sky after dark 630 00:22:25,029 --> 00:22:23,919 you will probably be seeing some spots 631 00:22:27,590 --> 00:22:25,039 you didn't mean right it's most 632 00:22:29,909 --> 00:22:27,600 prominent it's actually dark for i meant 633 00:22:31,510 --> 00:22:29,919 darkest yes when i say brightest i mean 634 00:22:35,190 --> 00:22:31,520 darkness thank you 635 00:22:40,710 --> 00:22:37,909 no these these uh the one report that i 636 00:22:42,630 --> 00:22:40,720 got from a professional astronomer who 637 00:22:45,110 --> 00:22:42,640 actually began as an amateur and still 638 00:22:46,950 --> 00:22:45,120 has his original telescope is from clark 639 00:22:48,310 --> 00:22:46,960 chapman of the planetary science 640 00:22:51,110 --> 00:22:48,320 institute 641 00:22:52,230 --> 00:22:51,120 he said that the the spot from fragment 642 00:22:58,710 --> 00:22:52,240 g 643 00:23:00,149 --> 00:22:58,720 most obvious feature ever to appear on 644 00:23:03,830 --> 00:23:00,159 this planet 645 00:23:06,789 --> 00:23:03,840 and he is uh challenged over the um over 646 00:23:08,789 --> 00:23:06,799 the internet anyone to argue that and so 647 00:23:10,789 --> 00:23:08,799 far nobody has he sent me to the 648 00:23:13,350 --> 00:23:10,799 telescope last night and it was pretty 649 00:23:15,669 --> 00:23:13,360 spectacular so i looked directly through 650 00:23:17,430 --> 00:23:15,679 the eyepiece and there it was so yes i 651 00:23:19,029 --> 00:23:17,440 encourage everybody including all the 652 00:23:21,510 --> 00:23:19,039 crew and everyone doing the support work 653 00:23:22,549 --> 00:23:21,520 for all this event lucy i forgot to say 654 00:23:24,070 --> 00:23:22,559 that but 655 00:23:25,909 --> 00:23:24,080 uh we have and you're going to tell us 656 00:23:27,909 --> 00:23:25,919 about this we have more than just 657 00:23:29,750 --> 00:23:27,919 telescopes on the ground and telescopes 658 00:23:31,750 --> 00:23:29,760 in space we have something 659 00:23:34,149 --> 00:23:31,760 kind of part way up isn't that right 660 00:23:35,350 --> 00:23:34,159 yeah but let's let's let gene uh david 661 00:23:38,070 --> 00:23:35,360 finish 662 00:23:40,149 --> 00:23:38,080 with his points yeah i think i think the 663 00:23:42,390 --> 00:23:40,159 them it's hard to tell at the moment 664 00:23:45,350 --> 00:23:42,400 just why these spots are so prominent 665 00:23:47,669 --> 00:23:45,360 one of the uh theories that to explain 666 00:23:50,549 --> 00:23:47,679 them has to do with these are 667 00:23:52,710 --> 00:23:50,559 comet dust or a form of soot that is 668 00:23:54,470 --> 00:23:52,720 from the comet there are other theories 669 00:23:55,350 --> 00:23:54,480 but this is one of them 670 00:23:57,990 --> 00:23:55,360 um 671 00:24:00,630 --> 00:23:58,000 it's it's very important to emphasize 672 00:24:02,870 --> 00:24:00,640 that if if you are an amateur astronomer 673 00:24:05,510 --> 00:24:02,880 if you have any experience at all 674 00:24:07,590 --> 00:24:05,520 looking at jupiter any experience these 675 00:24:08,630 --> 00:24:07,600 spots should be extremely easy for you 676 00:24:10,390 --> 00:24:08,640 to see 677 00:24:12,710 --> 00:24:10,400 if however you have never looked at 678 00:24:15,510 --> 00:24:12,720 jupiter before my recommendation is that 679 00:24:17,750 --> 00:24:15,520 you go to one of the many star parties 680 00:24:20,710 --> 00:24:17,760 that are being organized by planetariums 681 00:24:23,750 --> 00:24:20,720 and amateur astronomy clubs all over all 682 00:24:25,590 --> 00:24:23,760 over the world right now and get someone 683 00:24:27,510 --> 00:24:25,600 to point it out point the spots out to 684 00:24:29,110 --> 00:24:27,520 you they're very easy to see 685 00:24:30,630 --> 00:24:29,120 but if you haven't had if you've never 686 00:24:32,909 --> 00:24:30,640 looked at jupiter before it helps if you 687 00:24:35,590 --> 00:24:32,919 get someone to point them out this is an 688 00:24:37,350 --> 00:24:35,600 extraordinary thing these these spots 689 00:24:38,710 --> 00:24:37,360 are major major 690 00:24:40,230 --> 00:24:38,720 um 691 00:24:43,269 --> 00:24:40,240 effects from the collision they're 692 00:24:45,350 --> 00:24:43,279 visible to anybody the philosophical 693 00:24:46,470 --> 00:24:45,360 question is that if the comet had never 694 00:24:47,990 --> 00:24:46,480 been found 695 00:24:50,230 --> 00:24:48,000 right now 696 00:24:52,230 --> 00:24:50,240 people would be seeing one spot after 697 00:24:54,870 --> 00:24:52,240 another appearing on jupiter they'd be 698 00:24:56,149 --> 00:24:54,880 wiping off their lenses 699 00:24:58,549 --> 00:24:56,159 what's going on that's right they'd 700 00:25:00,950 --> 00:24:58,559 wonder what's going on 701 00:25:02,870 --> 00:25:00,960 probably the visual observers would have 702 00:25:05,590 --> 00:25:02,880 been spotting them first 703 00:25:07,830 --> 00:25:05,600 if there had just been one spot if the g 704 00:25:09,430 --> 00:25:07,840 impact cited in the only one someone 705 00:25:11,750 --> 00:25:09,440 might have said maybe there was an 706 00:25:14,230 --> 00:25:11,760 impact but these spots are now forming 707 00:25:15,750 --> 00:25:14,240 all over that area of jupiter and they 708 00:25:18,149 --> 00:25:15,760 would say maybe it was an impact and 709 00:25:20,149 --> 00:25:18,159 they'd say no how could you possibly get 710 00:25:21,830 --> 00:25:20,159 so many impacts in the course of a week 711 00:25:24,230 --> 00:25:21,840 and nobody would have i guess it's 712 00:25:25,990 --> 00:25:24,240 entirely possible that a comet 713 00:25:29,029 --> 00:25:26,000 we hadn't discovered yet could have 714 00:25:30,870 --> 00:25:29,039 jupiter make a spot that large yes 715 00:25:33,990 --> 00:25:30,880 i think we're lucky that these guys were 716 00:25:38,630 --> 00:25:36,310 so this is the time to get out and and 717 00:25:40,470 --> 00:25:38,640 if there's any been ever been a time 718 00:25:42,950 --> 00:25:40,480 to get out with a small telescope and 719 00:25:44,549 --> 00:25:42,960 look at jupiter ever since galileo first 720 00:25:47,510 --> 00:25:44,559 observed jupiter through a telescope in 721 00:25:49,430 --> 00:25:47,520 1610 this is the time to do it 722 00:25:51,350 --> 00:25:49,440 this is this is just a marvelous time to 723 00:25:53,269 --> 00:25:51,360 be looking at jupiter thank you 724 00:25:54,789 --> 00:25:53,279 can i just mention that there are 725 00:25:56,149 --> 00:25:54,799 interesting you probably talked about 726 00:25:57,909 --> 00:25:56,159 this earlier in the week but there's 727 00:26:00,390 --> 00:25:57,919 interesting strings of craters on some 728 00:26:01,590 --> 00:26:00,400 of the satellites of jupiter which are 729 00:26:03,350 --> 00:26:01,600 probably 730 00:26:05,510 --> 00:26:03,360 which have been theorized to be due to a 731 00:26:07,830 --> 00:26:05,520 similar process to break up of a comet 732 00:26:10,149 --> 00:26:07,840 falling upon a 733 00:26:11,430 --> 00:26:10,159 one of the satellites yes and it may 734 00:26:13,909 --> 00:26:11,440 have occurred to someone that that was 735 00:26:16,390 --> 00:26:13,919 similar to so that the multiply split 736 00:26:18,230 --> 00:26:16,400 comet may not be such a rare that's 737 00:26:19,750 --> 00:26:18,240 right yeah phenomenon it might have 738 00:26:21,029 --> 00:26:19,760 occurred and that's that's a good point 739 00:26:23,430 --> 00:26:21,039 that could have happened any time in the 740 00:26:24,870 --> 00:26:23,440 past four and a half billion years 741 00:26:27,110 --> 00:26:24,880 there's even there is even one of these 742 00:26:30,070 --> 00:26:27,120 crater chains on the moon and on top of 743 00:26:32,149 --> 00:26:30,080 the crater davey there's a series of uh 744 00:26:35,510 --> 00:26:32,159 of these craters and that's getting 745 00:26:38,390 --> 00:26:35,520 pretty close yeah but yes but to to 746 00:26:40,950 --> 00:26:38,400 these did not hit jupiter all at 747 00:26:43,269 --> 00:26:40,960 those crater chains hit hit callisto or 748 00:26:44,870 --> 00:26:43,279 the moon all at once all within a few 749 00:26:46,789 --> 00:26:44,880 seconds of each other 750 00:26:49,269 --> 00:26:46,799 these are things hitting over the period 751 00:26:51,909 --> 00:26:49,279 of a week and to make that intuitive 752 00:26:54,470 --> 00:26:51,919 leap to get the only way this could have 753 00:26:56,390 --> 00:26:54,480 done happened is that a comet passed 754 00:26:59,269 --> 00:26:56,400 near jupiter earlier at some earlier 755 00:27:01,350 --> 00:26:59,279 time broke apart completed another orbit 756 00:27:03,350 --> 00:27:01,360 and then hit and if someone had come up 757 00:27:07,110 --> 00:27:03,360 with a theory like that he he or she 758 00:27:08,789 --> 00:27:07,120 would have been laughed off the stage 759 00:27:11,590 --> 00:27:08,799 yes all of which however we're seeing 760 00:27:14,230 --> 00:27:11,600 occur now yes that's that's 761 00:27:15,750 --> 00:27:14,240 i think we need to get on to uh lucy's 762 00:27:19,590 --> 00:27:15,760 report leave room for questions while we 763 00:27:21,669 --> 00:27:19,600 have the satellite okay um we have some 764 00:27:23,510 --> 00:27:21,679 some some more images from ground-based 765 00:27:24,870 --> 00:27:23,520 observatories around the world um the 766 00:27:27,430 --> 00:27:24,880 first one coming up is from lick 767 00:27:30,950 --> 00:27:27,440 observatory from the 120 inch 768 00:27:33,430 --> 00:27:30,960 uh telescope there it is an image taken 769 00:27:34,870 --> 00:27:33,440 with speckle interferometry i'm sorry 770 00:27:36,870 --> 00:27:34,880 speckle imaging 771 00:27:38,630 --> 00:27:36,880 which is a process that astronomers and 772 00:27:41,510 --> 00:27:38,640 and members of the department of defense 773 00:27:43,830 --> 00:27:41,520 have both been developing over the years 774 00:27:46,830 --> 00:27:43,840 and with speckle imaging they have the 775 00:27:49,669 --> 00:27:46,840 uh they use computer 776 00:27:52,789 --> 00:27:49,679 uh uh let's see they use 777 00:27:55,350 --> 00:27:52,799 complex computer algorithms to clean up 778 00:27:58,230 --> 00:27:55,360 the noise and improve the uh spatial 779 00:28:01,190 --> 00:27:58,240 resolution of of the image and as you 780 00:28:04,789 --> 00:28:01,200 can see from looking at this the um 781 00:28:07,510 --> 00:28:04,799 the parallel cloud structure um is 782 00:28:10,470 --> 00:28:07,520 is quite prominent and it's very higher 783 00:28:13,029 --> 00:28:10,480 yes better defined than in most uh of 784 00:28:14,870 --> 00:28:13,039 the ground-based images not quite as as 785 00:28:16,230 --> 00:28:14,880 clear as as the hubble so it's not as 786 00:28:19,110 --> 00:28:16,240 good as getting above the earth that's 787 00:28:21,750 --> 00:28:19,120 the adoptive adaptive optics project led 788 00:28:24,389 --> 00:28:21,760 by dr claire max lawrence livermore 789 00:28:26,310 --> 00:28:24,399 national laboratory thank you steve um 790 00:28:28,149 --> 00:28:26,320 then next we have some more observations 791 00:28:30,950 --> 00:28:28,159 from the keck observatory where nasa and 792 00:28:32,789 --> 00:28:30,960 the nsf have been have contributed to 793 00:28:34,870 --> 00:28:32,799 building the instruments that from which 794 00:28:37,190 --> 00:28:34,880 we're taking these uh measurements and 795 00:28:38,710 --> 00:28:37,200 we have a mosaic now these are seven 796 00:28:40,950 --> 00:28:38,720 images not 797 00:28:42,789 --> 00:28:40,960 ignore the time difference each image is 798 00:28:45,190 --> 00:28:42,799 a different wavelength and in the upper 799 00:28:48,710 --> 00:28:45,200 left corner we start at a wavelength of 800 00:28:50,710 --> 00:28:48,720 1.2 microns and we go across the dark 801 00:28:54,149 --> 00:28:50,720 one the third one on the right 802 00:28:56,230 --> 00:28:54,159 is at 2.3 microns and we continue to go 803 00:28:58,230 --> 00:28:56,240 to longer wavelengths and the final one 804 00:28:59,510 --> 00:28:58,240 on the bottom that where jupiter is the 805 00:29:02,950 --> 00:28:59,520 darkest 806 00:29:05,110 --> 00:29:02,960 is at 4.2 microns i believe now the 807 00:29:08,149 --> 00:29:05,120 importance of this um 808 00:29:10,789 --> 00:29:08,159 all the features appear as bright spots 809 00:29:12,950 --> 00:29:10,799 so they're still radiating thermal 810 00:29:16,870 --> 00:29:12,960 heat heat they're just radiating the 811 00:29:20,310 --> 00:29:17,590 the 812 00:29:27,269 --> 00:29:20,320 wavelengths 813 00:29:29,830 --> 00:29:27,279 atmosphere so this is like a 814 00:29:30,950 --> 00:29:29,840 a stratigram we're looking at the 815 00:29:33,110 --> 00:29:30,960 layers 816 00:29:35,190 --> 00:29:33,120 through jupiter's atmosphere so i guess 817 00:29:37,110 --> 00:29:35,200 besides the fireball that came up that 818 00:29:39,269 --> 00:29:37,120 gene shoemaker's been talking about from 819 00:29:42,789 --> 00:29:39,279 the simulations you still have some hot 820 00:29:45,669 --> 00:29:42,799 material down under yeah that's glowing 821 00:29:47,269 --> 00:29:45,679 after days and after the event right and 822 00:29:50,470 --> 00:29:47,279 and this is important once we can 823 00:29:51,990 --> 00:29:50,480 interpret these and coordinate correlate 824 00:29:54,070 --> 00:29:52,000 the information from the different 825 00:29:56,549 --> 00:29:54,080 wavelengths we hope to be able to 826 00:29:59,190 --> 00:29:56,559 determine how deep the 827 00:30:01,190 --> 00:29:59,200 projectile went into the atmosphere i 828 00:30:03,269 --> 00:30:01,200 don't have any numbers and we haven't 829 00:30:05,830 --> 00:30:03,279 really understood that yet so i can only 830 00:30:07,510 --> 00:30:05,840 present it in a generic case 831 00:30:10,710 --> 00:30:07,520 we have a report from the kuiper 832 00:30:13,990 --> 00:30:10,720 airborne observatory which is a 833 00:30:16,190 --> 00:30:14,000 it's a c141 cargo aircraft it's a really 834 00:30:18,470 --> 00:30:16,200 spectacular aircraft there's it's been 835 00:30:19,830 --> 00:30:18,480 compartmentalized they blocked off one 836 00:30:22,310 --> 00:30:19,840 part of it where they place the 837 00:30:24,950 --> 00:30:22,320 telescope there's a 36 inch telescope in 838 00:30:27,110 --> 00:30:24,960 this compartment which is pressurized 839 00:30:28,950 --> 00:30:27,120 and they cut a hole in the side of the 840 00:30:30,950 --> 00:30:28,960 cargo plane 841 00:30:33,990 --> 00:30:30,960 and they point the telescope out the 842 00:30:36,710 --> 00:30:34,000 hole in the plane now this plane 843 00:30:38,549 --> 00:30:36,720 flies at 41 000 feet 844 00:30:41,750 --> 00:30:38,559 and there are astronomers on board and 845 00:30:44,870 --> 00:30:41,760 everyone who's flown on it uh reports an 846 00:30:48,310 --> 00:30:44,880 exciting adventure at 41 000 feet they 847 00:30:51,269 --> 00:30:48,320 are uh they have oxygen within reach um 848 00:30:52,950 --> 00:30:51,279 in case the um the interlock between the 849 00:30:54,630 --> 00:30:52,960 telescope and the observer's brakes 850 00:30:57,269 --> 00:30:54,640 they'll they have 15 seconds to get 851 00:30:59,350 --> 00:30:57,279 their oxygen masks on 852 00:31:02,549 --> 00:30:59,360 the advantage of this telescope is that 853 00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:02,559 they can fly anywhere around the world 854 00:31:11,509 --> 00:31:08,000 they get up above the atmosphere and we 855 00:31:14,630 --> 00:31:11,519 will have a report um from gordon 856 00:31:19,430 --> 00:31:14,640 boyaker from goddard space flight center 857 00:31:24,549 --> 00:31:21,990 we have two two channels one is a 858 00:31:26,789 --> 00:31:24,559 temperature channel and one is a search 859 00:31:28,870 --> 00:31:26,799 for water the temperature channel was 860 00:31:31,110 --> 00:31:28,880 truly dramatic and we have very good 861 00:31:32,549 --> 00:31:31,120 coverage of both the g and the k 862 00:31:34,470 --> 00:31:32,559 fragments 863 00:31:36,549 --> 00:31:34,480 after having looked at the g fragment 864 00:31:38,389 --> 00:31:36,559 then we decided to 865 00:31:39,750 --> 00:31:38,399 to set up the investigation a little 866 00:31:42,870 --> 00:31:39,760 differently 867 00:31:45,190 --> 00:31:42,880 for the k fragment we concentrated 868 00:31:46,789 --> 00:31:45,200 almost exclusively on the temperature we 869 00:31:49,590 --> 00:31:46,799 wanted to make sure that we pinned that 870 00:31:52,310 --> 00:31:49,600 down very precisely and we have 871 00:31:53,029 --> 00:31:52,320 even even better data for the k fragment 872 00:32:03,029 --> 00:31:53,039 the 873 00:32:05,110 --> 00:32:03,039 factor 25 so it was absolutely stunning 874 00:32:06,310 --> 00:32:05,120 and you know since we have some spatial 875 00:32:09,669 --> 00:32:06,320 resolution 876 00:32:12,389 --> 00:32:09,679 um you can see all of all of jupiter 877 00:32:14,389 --> 00:32:12,399 jupiter at once and then in the the limb 878 00:32:16,789 --> 00:32:14,399 of jupiter where the fireball was it's 879 00:32:19,350 --> 00:32:16,799 like seeing a supernova go off or a star 880 00:32:22,710 --> 00:32:19,360 go off the main reason for using the 881 00:32:24,269 --> 00:32:22,720 kuiper airborne observatory is that um 882 00:32:26,870 --> 00:32:24,279 you're flying above 883 00:32:29,909 --> 00:32:26,880 99.9 percent of the water vapor in the 884 00:32:33,590 --> 00:32:29,919 earth's atmosphere and you're above just 885 00:32:35,590 --> 00:32:33,600 80 percent of the total atmosphere 886 00:32:37,509 --> 00:32:35,600 our key thermometer is the methane 887 00:32:38,710 --> 00:32:37,519 molecule which is present in the earth's 888 00:32:41,350 --> 00:32:38,720 atmosphere 889 00:32:43,830 --> 00:32:41,360 by flying at 41 000 feet 890 00:32:47,190 --> 00:32:43,840 this opens up a window where we can 891 00:32:50,149 --> 00:32:47,200 measure very strong methane features on 892 00:32:53,509 --> 00:32:50,159 jupiter that are not measurable from 893 00:32:57,269 --> 00:32:54,950 now what's important here is that they 894 00:32:58,950 --> 00:32:57,279 have they're penetrating deeper into the 895 00:33:01,350 --> 00:32:58,960 atmosphere at 10 microns and they are 896 00:33:03,029 --> 00:33:01,360 measuring emission lines from methane so 897 00:33:05,509 --> 00:33:03,039 they're getting they're getting heated 898 00:33:07,350 --> 00:33:05,519 methane uh they're heating there's 899 00:33:08,830 --> 00:33:07,360 evidence of heating of the methane 900 00:33:10,070 --> 00:33:08,840 clouds in 901 00:33:11,190 --> 00:33:10,080 jupiter um 902 00:33:13,190 --> 00:33:11,200 that's the methane gas in the 903 00:33:14,870 --> 00:33:13,200 stratosphere they're observing 904 00:33:16,789 --> 00:33:14,880 okay it's not below okay so it's the 905 00:33:18,789 --> 00:33:16,799 high the stratosphere the high levels 906 00:33:19,830 --> 00:33:18,799 higher levels of the atmosphere okay and 907 00:33:21,430 --> 00:33:19,840 they're they're floating in our 908 00:33:24,470 --> 00:33:21,440 stratosphere as they do it that's right 909 00:33:26,549 --> 00:33:24,480 stratosphere stratosphere okay um now i 910 00:33:29,110 --> 00:33:26,559 think out of time let's see well the 911 00:33:29,909 --> 00:33:29,120 next images are from the i from the irtf 912 00:33:31,190 --> 00:33:29,919 at 913 00:33:32,630 --> 00:33:31,200 mauna kea 914 00:33:35,029 --> 00:33:32,640 um 915 00:33:37,509 --> 00:33:35,039 and those show 916 00:33:38,389 --> 00:33:37,519 these are at four different wavelengths 917 00:33:40,230 --> 00:33:38,399 we have 918 00:33:41,909 --> 00:33:40,240 in the 919 00:33:43,990 --> 00:33:41,919 four different wavelengths 920 00:33:45,830 --> 00:33:44,000 at the upper left is the temperature in 921 00:33:48,230 --> 00:33:45,840 the upper atmosphere the one on the 922 00:33:50,549 --> 00:33:48,240 right is ammonia in the region of 923 00:33:53,269 --> 00:33:50,559 ammonia band the one on the lower left 924 00:33:55,110 --> 00:33:53,279 is the region of methane and 925 00:33:56,310 --> 00:33:55,120 the lower right is another ammonia 926 00:33:58,070 --> 00:33:56,320 region 927 00:33:59,590 --> 00:33:58,080 let's go on to the next one we can take 928 00:34:02,230 --> 00:33:59,600 questions about that later we've 929 00:34:04,470 --> 00:34:02,240 reported have a report from galileo that 930 00:34:09,589 --> 00:34:07,190 the photo photopolarimeter radiometer 931 00:34:11,109 --> 00:34:09,599 has uh 932 00:34:14,230 --> 00:34:11,119 has detected 933 00:34:17,750 --> 00:34:14,240 uh the impact of fragment 934 00:34:19,990 --> 00:34:17,760 fragment g i believe um and they radioed 935 00:34:22,389 --> 00:34:20,000 they sent back some 936 00:34:24,790 --> 00:34:22,399 preliminary observations these are not 937 00:34:26,310 --> 00:34:24,800 images so i do not have a visual for 938 00:34:28,629 --> 00:34:26,320 that but 939 00:34:30,230 --> 00:34:28,639 galileo we have data back from galileo 940 00:34:31,349 --> 00:34:30,240 and remember galileo is getting the 941 00:34:32,629 --> 00:34:31,359 direct 942 00:34:37,270 --> 00:34:32,639 eye 943 00:34:39,669 --> 00:34:37,280 collisions and the 944 00:34:40,790 --> 00:34:39,679 profile uh the change in time of the 945 00:34:42,550 --> 00:34:40,800 intensity measured by the 946 00:34:45,030 --> 00:34:42,560 photopolarimeter 947 00:34:47,349 --> 00:34:45,040 will show us how the flash intensifies 948 00:34:49,829 --> 00:34:47,359 in the rate at which the flash decays 949 00:34:52,069 --> 00:34:49,839 um then our last images are h actually 950 00:34:54,550 --> 00:34:52,079 okay thank you and our last images are 951 00:35:00,069 --> 00:34:54,560 from a mcdonald observatory um and we 952 00:35:04,150 --> 00:35:01,510 we were able to get on in with both of 953 00:35:06,710 --> 00:35:04,160 the telescopes and start imaging 954 00:35:08,310 --> 00:35:06,720 uh so we didn't actually catch the flash 955 00:35:10,950 --> 00:35:08,320 of l but we were able to start looking 956 00:35:12,630 --> 00:35:10,960 at the morphology of the l-site very 957 00:35:13,349 --> 00:35:12,640 very quickly 958 00:35:15,990 --> 00:35:13,359 the 959 00:35:18,069 --> 00:35:16,000 conditions turned spectacular very soon 960 00:35:19,589 --> 00:35:18,079 on we had excellent excellent 961 00:35:21,510 --> 00:35:19,599 transparency 962 00:35:23,349 --> 00:35:21,520 almost all the night 963 00:35:25,349 --> 00:35:23,359 and extremely stable atmospheric 964 00:35:27,510 --> 00:35:25,359 conditions so we have some really really 965 00:35:30,550 --> 00:35:27,520 pretty images that we've gotten out with 966 00:35:32,630 --> 00:35:30,560 both an ir camera on the 2.7 meter 967 00:35:33,750 --> 00:35:32,640 telescope and 968 00:35:51,270 --> 00:35:33,760 a 969 00:35:53,670 --> 00:35:51,280 structure of the spots in the eyepiece 970 00:35:55,750 --> 00:35:53,680 in good conditions and 971 00:35:58,710 --> 00:35:55,760 things are just changing and it's so 972 00:36:01,829 --> 00:36:00,630 jupiter change below our 973 00:36:03,349 --> 00:36:01,839 eyes 974 00:36:04,150 --> 00:36:03,359 image number two 975 00:36:07,109 --> 00:36:04,160 is 976 00:36:11,430 --> 00:36:07,119 a methane image taking the ccd camera 977 00:36:13,430 --> 00:36:11,440 and in this image we see a number of the 978 00:36:15,109 --> 00:36:13,440 spots but 979 00:36:17,670 --> 00:36:15,119 one of the striking features of this 980 00:36:20,230 --> 00:36:17,680 image is that the h spot is just 981 00:36:22,790 --> 00:36:20,240 rotating into onto the limb and we've 982 00:36:25,430 --> 00:36:22,800 caught it in this image at a point where 983 00:36:28,390 --> 00:36:25,440 we see it detached from the planet 984 00:36:30,870 --> 00:36:28,400 a hydrogen molecular band 985 00:36:33,990 --> 00:36:30,880 uh that is again observed with the ir 986 00:36:36,230 --> 00:36:34,000 camera on the 2.7 meter in this we have 987 00:36:37,510 --> 00:36:36,240 four spots and the great red spot in the 988 00:36:39,510 --> 00:36:37,520 middle of the planet 989 00:36:42,710 --> 00:36:39,520 uh we sent this in the conventional 990 00:36:44,790 --> 00:36:42,720 orientation we find amusing to turn this 991 00:36:47,109 --> 00:36:44,800 and some of the other images upside down 992 00:36:52,870 --> 00:36:47,119 and look at it you'll see why when you 993 00:36:57,030 --> 00:36:55,030 okay that sums it up thank you very much 994 00:36:59,270 --> 00:36:57,040 lucy and if i can just sum up all the 995 00:37:02,870 --> 00:36:59,280 news we've heard today or not all but 996 00:37:07,190 --> 00:37:02,880 the high spots uh we have the detection 997 00:37:09,910 --> 00:37:07,200 of the diatomic sulfur molecule s sub 2 998 00:37:10,870 --> 00:37:09,920 s2 from the hubble space telescope with 999 00:37:13,030 --> 00:37:10,880 the 1000 00:37:16,069 --> 00:37:13,040 faint object spectrograph roger yell 1001 00:37:18,470 --> 00:37:16,079 told us about that we have the 1002 00:37:21,109 --> 00:37:18,480 these wonderful auroral glows at the 1003 00:37:23,750 --> 00:37:21,119 foot points of magnetic field lines in 1004 00:37:25,750 --> 00:37:23,760 the north polar cap of jupiter at a 1005 00:37:28,630 --> 00:37:25,760 lower or more southern 1006 00:37:31,270 --> 00:37:28,640 more southerly northern latitude than 1007 00:37:33,510 --> 00:37:31,280 aurora has been observed before that was 1008 00:37:35,589 --> 00:37:33,520 done in ultraviolet light as explained 1009 00:37:37,990 --> 00:37:35,599 to us by renee prange 1010 00:37:39,670 --> 00:37:38,000 with the wide field and planetary camera 1011 00:37:42,150 --> 00:37:39,680 too and they know it wasn't there before 1012 00:37:44,150 --> 00:37:42,160 because a few days prior they looked 1013 00:37:46,950 --> 00:37:44,160 with the faint object camera also in the 1014 00:37:50,069 --> 00:37:46,960 ultraviolet david levy told us the g 1015 00:37:53,109 --> 00:37:50,079 impact site is so extraordinarily 1016 00:37:55,030 --> 00:37:53,119 prominent wonders if maybe that's 1017 00:37:57,750 --> 00:37:55,040 comet dust that's making it dark in 1018 00:37:59,109 --> 00:37:57,760 visible light the keck telescope 1019 00:38:02,069 --> 00:37:59,119 we saw the 1020 00:38:03,430 --> 00:38:02,079 hot impact spots still glowing in the 1021 00:38:05,750 --> 00:38:03,440 infrared 1022 00:38:08,470 --> 00:38:05,760 there's still some heat there after some 1023 00:38:11,030 --> 00:38:08,480 days after the first impacts the first 1024 00:38:12,710 --> 00:38:11,040 report back from the galileo space probe 1025 00:38:14,550 --> 00:38:12,720 you're wondering why we told you you 1026 00:38:16,510 --> 00:38:14,560 won't see anything for weeks from 1027 00:38:18,710 --> 00:38:16,520 galileo that's images these 1028 00:38:20,550 --> 00:38:18,720 photopolarimeter measurements the much 1029 00:38:22,790 --> 00:38:20,560 lower data rate you get it back pretty 1030 00:38:27,349 --> 00:38:22,800 rapidly galileo at a distance of about 1031 00:38:31,670 --> 00:38:27,359 150 million miles looking in the 90 450 1032 00:38:34,550 --> 00:38:31,680 nanometer 450 angstrom or 945 nanometers 1033 00:38:37,829 --> 00:38:36,630 the h-spot 1034 00:38:42,710 --> 00:38:37,839 the 1035 00:38:44,710 --> 00:38:42,720 audio report from gordon yoracker 1036 00:38:47,589 --> 00:38:44,720 told us about the heating of the methane 1037 00:38:49,589 --> 00:38:47,599 gas in the stratosphere and then anita 1038 00:38:51,829 --> 00:38:49,599 neil cochran at the mcdonald observatory 1039 00:38:54,950 --> 00:38:51,839 fort davis texas looking in the 1040 00:38:57,190 --> 00:38:54,960 molecular hydrogen or h2 band you see 1041 00:38:59,270 --> 00:38:57,200 some glowing features and spots you turn 1042 00:39:01,349 --> 00:38:59,280 it upside down and you have jupiter 1043 00:39:04,069 --> 00:39:01,359 doesn't seem so unhappy 1044 00:39:06,069 --> 00:39:04,079 after all don 1045 00:39:08,230 --> 00:39:06,079 thank you steve we're going to turn to 1046 00:39:09,750 --> 00:39:08,240 question and answers here at goddard and 1047 00:39:12,069 --> 00:39:09,760 i understand we have a lot of questions 1048 00:39:14,310 --> 00:39:12,079 from our center so i hope we have enough 1049 00:39:16,150 --> 00:39:14,320 time on the satellite we'll start here 1050 00:39:17,430 --> 00:39:16,160 front row with 1051 00:39:19,030 --> 00:39:17,440 bill 1052 00:39:21,430 --> 00:39:19,040 please state your name and affiliation 1053 00:39:23,030 --> 00:39:21,440 bill harwood cbs and i'm maybe asking 1054 00:39:24,710 --> 00:39:23,040 you if you'd maybe be more elementary in 1055 00:39:26,950 --> 00:39:24,720 terms of the significance of the sulfur 1056 00:39:28,870 --> 00:39:26,960 observation if you knew that sulfur is 1057 00:39:30,550 --> 00:39:28,880 in the atmosphere anyway and you don't 1058 00:39:32,710 --> 00:39:30,560 know where this sulfur comes from i'm 1059 00:39:34,550 --> 00:39:32,720 confused as to the significance of that 1060 00:39:35,829 --> 00:39:34,560 and also i was reading a message on the 1061 00:39:37,910 --> 00:39:35,839 internet yesterday from some other 1062 00:39:39,190 --> 00:39:37,920 university of arizona researchers who 1063 00:39:41,190 --> 00:39:39,200 were claiming that they had done some 1064 00:39:43,270 --> 00:39:41,200 studies or observations that indicated 1065 00:39:44,870 --> 00:39:43,280 they were actually seeing commentary 1066 00:39:46,470 --> 00:39:44,880 material and i'm wondering if these two 1067 00:39:47,990 --> 00:39:46,480 things are linking up somehow or there's 1068 00:39:49,910 --> 00:39:48,000 totally separate issues 1069 00:39:51,670 --> 00:39:49,920 um 1070 00:39:53,510 --> 00:39:51,680 okay first of all we we believe that 1071 00:39:54,630 --> 00:39:53,520 there's sulfur in the atmosphere of 1072 00:39:56,150 --> 00:39:54,640 jupiter 1073 00:39:58,069 --> 00:39:56,160 although we hadn't detected it yet just 1074 00:39:59,910 --> 00:39:58,079 because the solar system has sulfur in 1075 00:40:01,990 --> 00:39:59,920 it and jupiter should not be an 1076 00:40:03,670 --> 00:40:02,000 exception however that sulfur is deep in 1077 00:40:05,589 --> 00:40:03,680 the atmosphere 1078 00:40:07,750 --> 00:40:05,599 it's in the form of hydrogen sulfide we 1079 00:40:09,670 --> 00:40:07,760 believe h2s and as you go higher in 1080 00:40:11,430 --> 00:40:09,680 jupiter's atmosphere it gets colder just 1081 00:40:12,950 --> 00:40:11,440 like it does in the earth's atmosphere 1082 00:40:14,470 --> 00:40:12,960 you form clouds 1083 00:40:16,550 --> 00:40:14,480 and the 1084 00:40:18,630 --> 00:40:16,560 hydrogen sulfide should disappear into 1085 00:40:21,270 --> 00:40:18,640 clouds at a fairly deep level in 1086 00:40:23,510 --> 00:40:21,280 jupiter's atmosphere so 1087 00:40:25,430 --> 00:40:23,520 just as an example potentially we could 1088 00:40:26,550 --> 00:40:25,440 convince ourselves that this material 1089 00:40:28,630 --> 00:40:26,560 was coming 1090 00:40:30,069 --> 00:40:28,640 from jupiter not from the comet that 1091 00:40:32,550 --> 00:40:30,079 would tell us something about the depth 1092 00:40:34,309 --> 00:40:32,560 to which the cometary fragments 1093 00:40:35,829 --> 00:40:34,319 penetrated 1094 00:40:37,430 --> 00:40:35,839 i think maybe you're referring to the 1095 00:40:38,790 --> 00:40:37,440 second part of your question i think 1096 00:40:40,069 --> 00:40:38,800 perhaps you're referring to an article 1097 00:40:43,030 --> 00:40:40,079 that was in the new york times this 1098 00:40:44,309 --> 00:40:43,040 morning i understood on the internet 1099 00:40:47,109 --> 00:40:44,319 no 1100 00:40:50,950 --> 00:40:47,119 that the material was commentary 1101 00:40:52,710 --> 00:40:50,960 well i i didn't see it but what what's 1102 00:40:54,710 --> 00:40:52,720 what jumps out at us from looking at 1103 00:40:57,270 --> 00:40:54,720 this at least from the hst data is that 1104 00:40:59,589 --> 00:40:57,280 the molecules we've seen so far ammonia 1105 00:41:01,589 --> 00:40:59,599 and sulfur molecules are things that are 1106 00:41:03,190 --> 00:41:01,599 in the clouds of jupiter 1107 00:41:05,109 --> 00:41:03,200 um there's also an ammonia cloud in 1108 00:41:06,069 --> 00:41:05,119 jupiter the visible clouds on jupiter 1109 00:41:08,390 --> 00:41:06,079 that we 1110 00:41:10,550 --> 00:41:08,400 see those are ammonia that's right and 1111 00:41:12,630 --> 00:41:10,560 the there's an ammonia hydrosulfide 1112 00:41:14,230 --> 00:41:12,640 cloud which is at a deeper level below 1113 00:41:15,990 --> 00:41:14,240 one bar 1114 00:41:18,150 --> 00:41:16,000 there are other molecules associated 1115 00:41:19,910 --> 00:41:18,160 with comets oxygen 1116 00:41:21,670 --> 00:41:19,920 you might expect to see oxygen molecules 1117 00:41:23,589 --> 00:41:21,680 for example we don't see any of those 1118 00:41:25,510 --> 00:41:23,599 what we see so far is things from 1119 00:41:27,030 --> 00:41:25,520 jupiter and 1120 00:41:28,230 --> 00:41:27,040 well you know this is going to be a long 1121 00:41:31,349 --> 00:41:28,240 story but 1122 00:41:34,710 --> 00:41:31,359 i don't understand that that internet 1123 00:41:39,030 --> 00:41:36,790 i'm still awfully um ignorant of 1124 00:41:40,550 --> 00:41:39,040 chemistry what is exciting what bob cook 1125 00:41:42,630 --> 00:41:40,560 at newsday what is so exciting about 1126 00:41:43,910 --> 00:41:42,640 finding this sulfur is why would the man 1127 00:41:45,270 --> 00:41:43,920 in the street want to jump up and down 1128 00:41:47,109 --> 00:41:45,280 about this 1129 00:41:49,030 --> 00:41:47,119 um well as i just said i might tell you 1130 00:41:51,670 --> 00:41:49,040 something about the impact itself 1131 00:41:53,349 --> 00:41:51,680 uh the particular molecule 1132 00:41:54,950 --> 00:41:53,359 to be perfectly honest i don't know a 1133 00:41:57,510 --> 00:41:54,960 lot about it because i didn't expect to 1134 00:42:01,030 --> 00:41:59,510 so it's a surprise 1135 00:42:03,589 --> 00:42:01,040 it'll be interesting to watch how this 1136 00:42:05,349 --> 00:42:03,599 develops in time one of the 1137 00:42:07,430 --> 00:42:05,359 one of the reasons this is interesting i 1138 00:42:08,390 --> 00:42:07,440 study atmospheres rather than comets 1139 00:42:10,309 --> 00:42:08,400 although i think comments are 1140 00:42:11,990 --> 00:42:10,319 interesting too but the best way to 1141 00:42:13,430 --> 00:42:12,000 learn about something not just an 1142 00:42:15,270 --> 00:42:13,440 atmosphere is to poke it and see what 1143 00:42:17,190 --> 00:42:15,280 happens so we just gave jupiter's 1144 00:42:18,950 --> 00:42:17,200 atmosphere a giant poke and we're going 1145 00:42:20,150 --> 00:42:18,960 to see how it develops in time and 1146 00:42:21,990 --> 00:42:20,160 that's going to tell us something about 1147 00:42:24,230 --> 00:42:22,000 how atmospheres behave it's going to add 1148 00:42:26,069 --> 00:42:24,240 to our knowledge base of atmospheres and 1149 00:42:27,589 --> 00:42:26,079 that's going to be useful for uh for our 1150 00:42:31,990 --> 00:42:27,599 society it'll help us understand the 1151 00:42:35,589 --> 00:42:33,589 uh shin yoshi 1152 00:42:36,630 --> 00:42:35,599 i have a question a question to dr 1153 00:42:39,270 --> 00:42:36,640 branje 1154 00:42:41,589 --> 00:42:39,280 you told us about the change of aura of 1155 00:42:43,829 --> 00:42:41,599 jupiter and we have some example that 1156 00:42:46,470 --> 00:42:43,839 the same thing happened 1157 00:42:49,349 --> 00:42:46,480 to earth in the past and the what is the 1158 00:42:51,030 --> 00:42:49,359 meaning of your discovery from jupiter 1159 00:42:53,270 --> 00:42:51,040 to us like 1160 00:42:54,950 --> 00:42:53,280 knowing about the aura of earth and 1161 00:42:58,230 --> 00:42:54,960 knowing about the 1162 00:42:59,750 --> 00:42:58,240 meaning of the weather of earth and what 1163 00:43:02,150 --> 00:42:59,760 if something happened 1164 00:43:04,950 --> 00:43:02,160 like jupiter to earth 1165 00:43:06,790 --> 00:43:04,960 what is the meaning for our life i mean 1166 00:43:08,550 --> 00:43:06,800 like a short wave transmission or 1167 00:43:12,150 --> 00:43:08,560 something 1168 00:43:14,710 --> 00:43:12,160 well i think what we see 1169 00:43:18,150 --> 00:43:14,720 is the effect of the comet the 1170 00:43:20,230 --> 00:43:18,160 gas or the or both maybe the the dust in 1171 00:43:23,430 --> 00:43:20,240 the in the comma of the comet which has 1172 00:43:25,670 --> 00:43:23,440 been ionized or the other option the gas 1173 00:43:27,910 --> 00:43:25,680 which has been ejected in after the the 1174 00:43:29,670 --> 00:43:27,920 fireball and it was very very hot hot 1175 00:43:30,870 --> 00:43:29,680 enough to be ionized so these are the 1176 00:43:32,550 --> 00:43:30,880 two options 1177 00:43:35,430 --> 00:43:32,560 in the case we get 1178 00:43:38,230 --> 00:43:35,440 uh some ions and electrons which are 1179 00:43:40,390 --> 00:43:38,240 free in free space and we we know from 1180 00:43:42,069 --> 00:43:40,400 the fact that they have been 1181 00:43:43,990 --> 00:43:42,079 they have been able to go 1182 00:43:46,230 --> 00:43:44,000 along the field lines and to to excite 1183 00:43:47,829 --> 00:43:46,240 to glow they are on the other side we 1184 00:43:49,190 --> 00:43:47,839 know that they have been put at very 1185 00:43:51,030 --> 00:43:49,200 high energy 1186 00:43:53,510 --> 00:43:51,040 the kind of thing we can learn from that 1187 00:43:55,270 --> 00:43:53,520 is the processes in the in the 1188 00:43:56,069 --> 00:43:55,280 process in the command which how they 1189 00:44:00,710 --> 00:43:56,079 can 1190 00:44:03,270 --> 00:44:00,720 then how how these particles are 1191 00:44:06,150 --> 00:44:03,280 accelerated in the microsphere itself 1192 00:44:08,950 --> 00:44:06,160 this this is a problem which is of high 1193 00:44:11,190 --> 00:44:08,960 interest for physics and on earth there 1194 00:44:14,069 --> 00:44:11,200 are numbers of satellites which have 1195 00:44:16,309 --> 00:44:14,079 electron guns ion guns which 1196 00:44:17,430 --> 00:44:16,319 artificially accelerate ions and 1197 00:44:19,349 --> 00:44:17,440 electrons to 1198 00:44:21,109 --> 00:44:19,359 thousands of volts and see what happens 1199 00:44:23,510 --> 00:44:21,119 at the footprint on earth of course 1200 00:44:24,870 --> 00:44:23,520 there were one or more experiments i i 1201 00:44:27,270 --> 00:44:24,880 don't remember when but the first one 1202 00:44:29,910 --> 00:44:27,280 was authorized by president kennedy the 1203 00:44:32,150 --> 00:44:29,920 uh to explode a nuclear weapon up in the 1204 00:44:33,510 --> 00:44:32,160 magnetosphere and see the effect of the 1205 00:44:36,550 --> 00:44:33,520 precipitating 1206 00:44:38,230 --> 00:44:36,560 particles of the famous was debated 1207 00:44:41,349 --> 00:44:38,240 whether it would be safe or not and 1208 00:44:43,030 --> 00:44:41,359 finally kennedy called van allen he said 1209 00:44:44,550 --> 00:44:43,040 it's his belts and 1210 00:44:46,710 --> 00:44:44,560 he's all right 1211 00:44:48,550 --> 00:44:46,720 i think the other part of your question 1212 00:44:50,309 --> 00:44:48,560 was what would be the effect on the 1213 00:44:52,150 --> 00:44:50,319 earth well of course there might be 1214 00:44:55,270 --> 00:44:52,160 geomagnetic storm or something like that 1215 00:44:57,510 --> 00:44:55,280 but comet hits the earth then the 1216 00:45:00,230 --> 00:44:57,520 the uh effects and magnetosphere will be 1217 00:45:02,069 --> 00:45:00,240 of secondary interest to many of us 1218 00:45:04,309 --> 00:45:02,079 well i guess it wouldn't be a terrible 1219 00:45:07,430 --> 00:45:04,319 effect because storms it would affect 1220 00:45:10,309 --> 00:45:07,440 communication ionosphere but magnet even 1221 00:45:12,069 --> 00:45:10,319 great uh very strong magnetic stops from 1222 00:45:13,430 --> 00:45:12,079 the effect of the solar wind they do not 1223 00:45:19,109 --> 00:45:13,440 affect life 1224 00:45:23,750 --> 00:45:21,670 uh paul hoverstein usa today back on the 1225 00:45:25,750 --> 00:45:23,760 sulfur question for a moment 1226 00:45:26,870 --> 00:45:25,760 uh dr yell if it turns out that the 1227 00:45:28,710 --> 00:45:26,880 sulfur 1228 00:45:30,870 --> 00:45:28,720 is from the comet 1229 00:45:36,870 --> 00:45:30,880 and not the atmosphere what would be the 1230 00:45:40,790 --> 00:45:38,710 well it would tell you that there was 1231 00:45:42,069 --> 00:45:40,800 sulfur in this comet and 1232 00:45:43,589 --> 00:45:42,079 eventually you might be able to figure 1233 00:45:46,710 --> 00:45:43,599 out something about the abundance of 1234 00:45:49,910 --> 00:45:46,720 sulfur in the comet and the reason we 1235 00:45:51,349 --> 00:45:49,920 study the abundances of comets is is so 1236 00:45:52,950 --> 00:45:51,359 we can understand comet's one of the 1237 00:45:54,630 --> 00:45:52,960 building blocks of the solar system are 1238 00:45:56,790 --> 00:45:54,640 remnant of the building block of the 1239 00:45:58,150 --> 00:45:56,800 solar system so you might be able to say 1240 00:46:01,670 --> 00:45:58,160 eventually something about the 1241 00:46:03,430 --> 00:46:01,680 composition of the early solar system 1242 00:46:05,510 --> 00:46:03,440 i should also point out that when you do 1243 00:46:07,750 --> 00:46:05,520 observe comets 1244 00:46:09,510 --> 00:46:07,760 sulfur other molecules and comets you're 1245 00:46:11,670 --> 00:46:09,520 seeing gas around the 1246 00:46:14,390 --> 00:46:11,680 around the main body and most of the 1247 00:46:16,550 --> 00:46:14,400 masses in the main body and it's always 1248 00:46:18,309 --> 00:46:16,560 difficult to try to infer something 1249 00:46:19,510 --> 00:46:18,319 about the bulk composition from what you 1250 00:46:21,190 --> 00:46:19,520 see in the 1251 00:46:22,950 --> 00:46:21,200 in the coma because there's chemistry 1252 00:46:24,790 --> 00:46:22,960 that goes on and alters things and stuff 1253 00:46:26,710 --> 00:46:24,800 like that so what we just did is we just 1254 00:46:28,630 --> 00:46:26,720 pulverized the comet to find out what 1255 00:46:30,950 --> 00:46:28,640 was inside it perhaps 1256 00:46:33,750 --> 00:46:30,960 and um it's a different way to look at 1257 00:46:37,589 --> 00:46:35,750 miles all right miles o'brien with cnn 1258 00:46:39,030 --> 00:46:37,599 i'd appreciate from anybody here sort of 1259 00:46:40,630 --> 00:46:39,040 a little more of a layman's term 1260 00:46:42,950 --> 00:46:40,640 explanation of what's going on in the 1261 00:46:44,630 --> 00:46:42,960 magnetosphere of jupiter here uh i'm not 1262 00:46:46,150 --> 00:46:44,640 sure that i'm real clear on what's going 1263 00:46:48,150 --> 00:46:46,160 on 1264 00:46:50,150 --> 00:46:48,160 i think what we were what dr pranje was 1265 00:46:51,750 --> 00:46:50,160 talking about was that 1266 00:46:53,349 --> 00:46:51,760 these of course 1267 00:46:56,950 --> 00:46:53,359 observations we've only just seen the 1268 00:46:59,589 --> 00:46:56,960 last day or two but uh the uh 1269 00:47:00,390 --> 00:46:59,599 preliminary impression is that we have 1270 00:47:02,630 --> 00:47:00,400 this 1271 00:47:05,670 --> 00:47:02,640 big impact the big splash and the 1272 00:47:07,670 --> 00:47:05,680 fireball on the southern part of 1273 00:47:10,230 --> 00:47:07,680 uh jupiter and that to send up some 1274 00:47:13,430 --> 00:47:10,240 plasma like the fireball you saw some of 1275 00:47:16,230 --> 00:47:13,440 this material gets electrified loses the 1276 00:47:18,550 --> 00:47:16,240 atoms or molecules lose electrons and 1277 00:47:20,230 --> 00:47:18,560 then these uh they become charged right 1278 00:47:21,990 --> 00:47:20,240 you have charged particles now and i 1279 00:47:23,910 --> 00:47:22,000 think the electrons in particular 1280 00:47:25,990 --> 00:47:23,920 probably you're talking about they get 1281 00:47:29,190 --> 00:47:26,000 accelerated by some forces that have to 1282 00:47:30,710 --> 00:47:29,200 be worked out that uh but we know things 1283 00:47:32,630 --> 00:47:30,720 like this happen on the earth in other 1284 00:47:34,790 --> 00:47:32,640 situations 1285 00:47:36,829 --> 00:47:34,800 they get accelerated they travel 1286 00:47:39,349 --> 00:47:36,839 uh to the other side of the globe of 1287 00:47:41,270 --> 00:47:39,359 jupiter and cause an aurora there in a 1288 00:47:43,750 --> 00:47:41,280 place we've never seen before because 1289 00:47:45,990 --> 00:47:43,760 it's further south whatever makes the 1290 00:47:48,630 --> 00:47:46,000 aurora and jupiter ordinarily 1291 00:47:51,349 --> 00:47:48,640 doesn't bring it down that far uh south 1292 00:47:54,630 --> 00:47:51,359 it's like uh normally we see nice aurora 1293 00:47:56,390 --> 00:47:54,640 in canada and new england and so on and 1294 00:47:58,549 --> 00:47:56,400 it's a rare time when you see a mexico 1295 00:47:59,510 --> 00:47:58,559 city that does does happen after a big 1296 00:48:00,710 --> 00:47:59,520 flare 1297 00:48:06,470 --> 00:48:00,720 the 1298 00:48:08,230 --> 00:48:06,480 lines of magnetic field that you can see 1299 00:48:09,910 --> 00:48:08,240 in the image so they want to escape the 1300 00:48:11,270 --> 00:48:09,920 atmosphere but they they can't they have 1301 00:48:13,109 --> 00:48:11,280 to move along these field lines and end 1302 00:48:14,230 --> 00:48:13,119 up getting turned around and you know 1303 00:48:15,270 --> 00:48:14,240 come back on the other side of the 1304 00:48:16,710 --> 00:48:15,280 planet 1305 00:48:18,549 --> 00:48:16,720 so if you were on jupiter right now 1306 00:48:20,069 --> 00:48:18,559 you'd see northern lights like you've 1307 00:48:21,589 --> 00:48:20,079 never seen them before you'd be glad you 1308 00:48:22,950 --> 00:48:21,599 were seeing northern lights you weren't 1309 00:48:24,470 --> 00:48:22,960 down south 1310 00:48:26,470 --> 00:48:24,480 actually one of the things is there any 1311 00:48:28,870 --> 00:48:26,480 evidence that you've seen over the last 1312 00:48:30,630 --> 00:48:28,880 24 hours which has is settling one way 1313 00:48:32,150 --> 00:48:30,640 or another whether this is a comet or an 1314 00:48:34,230 --> 00:48:32,160 asteroid once 1315 00:48:35,270 --> 00:48:34,240 oh no that that's a very important 1316 00:48:37,430 --> 00:48:35,280 question 1317 00:48:40,309 --> 00:48:37,440 um but it's going to be very difficult 1318 00:48:42,150 --> 00:48:40,319 to get an answer to that um so 1319 00:48:44,150 --> 00:48:42,160 i'm i'm afraid i just have to say flat 1320 00:48:46,829 --> 00:48:44,160 out there's no evidence that will help 1321 00:48:49,030 --> 00:48:46,839 us determine whether it's a comet or an 1322 00:48:50,230 --> 00:48:49,040 asteroid well there may be evidence we 1323 00:48:51,910 --> 00:48:50,240 just haven't had enough time to think 1324 00:48:53,589 --> 00:48:51,920 about it exactly 1325 00:48:55,270 --> 00:48:53,599 i would like to go to some of the 1326 00:48:59,589 --> 00:48:55,280 centers for questions now as we're going 1327 00:48:59,599 --> 00:49:04,630 which first one up please 1328 00:49:08,710 --> 00:49:06,470 okay well we're holding on that is there 1329 00:49:11,510 --> 00:49:08,720 one more here first 1330 00:49:15,190 --> 00:49:13,270 matt crenson the dallas morning news for 1331 00:49:16,390 --> 00:49:15,200 dr yale uh i don't want all the gory 1332 00:49:17,510 --> 00:49:16,400 details but 1333 00:49:19,510 --> 00:49:17,520 in general 1334 00:49:22,230 --> 00:49:19,520 how can you tell whether the sulfur came 1335 00:49:23,510 --> 00:49:22,240 from jupiter or from the comet uh and 1336 00:49:26,630 --> 00:49:23,520 what are the chances that you'll be able 1337 00:49:29,910 --> 00:49:28,230 i don't know how the how good the 1338 00:49:31,349 --> 00:49:29,920 chances are but to finally get the 1339 00:49:33,109 --> 00:49:31,359 answer we're going to have to correlate 1340 00:49:34,950 --> 00:49:33,119 lots of different pieces of information 1341 00:49:37,109 --> 00:49:34,960 left 1342 00:49:38,790 --> 00:49:37,119 you know what we've seen so far as far 1343 00:49:40,790 --> 00:49:38,800 as chemistry goes through the molecules 1344 00:49:43,349 --> 00:49:40,800 that are easiest to detect with more 1345 00:49:45,109 --> 00:49:43,359 work and with all the other observations 1346 00:49:46,870 --> 00:49:45,119 being made we'll undoubtedly hear about 1347 00:49:48,950 --> 00:49:46,880 a lot more molecules you look at the 1348 00:49:50,630 --> 00:49:48,960 whole suite of molecules that will help 1349 00:49:52,150 --> 00:49:50,640 you try to infer something about the 1350 00:49:53,510 --> 00:49:52,160 temperatures in the fireball and that 1351 00:49:55,750 --> 00:49:53,520 will tell you about the chemistry in the 1352 00:49:57,589 --> 00:49:55,760 atmosphere that'll help you understand 1353 00:49:59,270 --> 00:49:57,599 what's going on by trying to correlate 1354 00:50:02,710 --> 00:49:59,280 all this i have hopes that we'll be able 1355 00:50:04,230 --> 00:50:02,720 to say something about how much of the 1356 00:50:06,309 --> 00:50:04,240 what we see is due to the comet and how 1357 00:50:08,309 --> 00:50:06,319 much of what we see is from jupiter 1358 00:50:10,150 --> 00:50:08,319 itself 1359 00:50:11,750 --> 00:50:10,160 so i'm optimistic but it's hard to put a 1360 00:50:13,349 --> 00:50:11,760 number on the chances we'll be coming 1361 00:50:14,950 --> 00:50:13,359 back to questions here 1362 00:50:16,549 --> 00:50:14,960 pardon excuse me we'll be coming back to 1363 00:50:18,950 --> 00:50:16,559 questions here in a moment but let's 1364 00:50:20,870 --> 00:50:18,960 have one from jpl uh please state your 1365 00:50:22,470 --> 00:50:20,880 name and affiliation 1366 00:50:25,589 --> 00:50:22,480 this is robert lee house from the los 1367 00:50:27,349 --> 00:50:25,599 angeles times two related questions one 1368 00:50:29,510 --> 00:50:27,359 i guess i'm surprised to be hearing at 1369 00:50:32,309 --> 00:50:29,520 this stage of the game that we're not 1370 00:50:34,069 --> 00:50:32,319 sure this is a comment uh can you tell 1371 00:50:34,950 --> 00:50:34,079 us why there's a 1372 00:50:36,549 --> 00:50:34,960 any 1373 00:50:38,630 --> 00:50:36,559 question at this stage why this might be 1374 00:50:41,430 --> 00:50:38,640 a comment or an asteroid and then 1375 00:50:43,990 --> 00:50:41,440 secondly is it uh disconcerting to you 1376 00:50:46,230 --> 00:50:44,000 folks that you're not seeing uh evidence 1377 00:50:49,030 --> 00:50:46,240 of water yet 1378 00:50:50,790 --> 00:50:49,040 okay i'll i'll field that one if if gene 1379 00:50:53,190 --> 00:50:50,800 where gene shoemaker were here he would 1380 00:50:56,069 --> 00:50:53,200 say oh it's definitely a comet and the 1381 00:50:57,990 --> 00:50:56,079 probability of it being a comet and gene 1382 00:50:59,750 --> 00:50:58,000 can argue persuasively that it's 1383 00:51:05,190 --> 00:50:59,760 probably a comet 1384 00:51:07,910 --> 00:51:05,200 dynamically it is possible um to to 1385 00:51:09,829 --> 00:51:07,920 give a gravitational push to an object 1386 00:51:12,710 --> 00:51:09,839 anywhere in the solar system and so 1387 00:51:14,950 --> 00:51:12,720 dynamically it's also possible to to 1388 00:51:17,030 --> 00:51:14,960 exert a gravitational force on an object 1389 00:51:18,790 --> 00:51:17,040 in the outer region of the asteroid belt 1390 00:51:20,870 --> 00:51:18,800 and perturb it so that it goes into 1391 00:51:22,870 --> 00:51:20,880 orbit around jupiter as this co as this 1392 00:51:25,190 --> 00:51:22,880 object did and we call it a comment 1393 00:51:28,230 --> 00:51:25,200 because it was discovered as a diffuse 1394 00:51:30,549 --> 00:51:28,240 object um which is the the 1395 00:51:32,790 --> 00:51:30,559 uh discriminating characteristic of a 1396 00:51:34,549 --> 00:51:32,800 comet observationally now it's a very 1397 00:51:37,190 --> 00:51:34,559 important question to determine whether 1398 00:51:39,030 --> 00:51:37,200 this was a comet or an asteroid because 1399 00:51:41,190 --> 00:51:39,040 the comets are 1400 00:51:43,270 --> 00:51:41,200 remnants of the 1401 00:51:44,950 --> 00:51:43,280 original solar system they've been kept 1402 00:51:47,109 --> 00:51:44,960 in cold storage for four and a half 1403 00:51:48,870 --> 00:51:47,119 billion years and we can get a better 1404 00:51:51,109 --> 00:51:48,880 handle on the starting material of the 1405 00:51:52,710 --> 00:51:51,119 solar system if we're studying a comet 1406 00:51:54,309 --> 00:51:52,720 if we're studying an asteroid the 1407 00:51:55,910 --> 00:51:54,319 asteroids have been in the inner solar 1408 00:51:58,069 --> 00:51:55,920 system they've been subjected to higher 1409 00:52:00,230 --> 00:51:58,079 temperatures they've been subjected to 1410 00:52:02,150 --> 00:52:00,240 greater uh frequency of collisions and 1411 00:52:03,670 --> 00:52:02,160 so the material is altered and we just 1412 00:52:04,870 --> 00:52:03,680 need to know what we're looking at and 1413 00:52:06,950 --> 00:52:04,880 presumably 1414 00:52:08,630 --> 00:52:06,960 the reason you might even though it's 1415 00:52:10,549 --> 00:52:08,640 diffuse you might think it could be an 1416 00:52:13,430 --> 00:52:10,559 asteroid is we know it's something that 1417 00:52:14,870 --> 00:52:13,440 was fragmented by the title 1418 00:52:17,109 --> 00:52:14,880 it could be dust 1419 00:52:19,910 --> 00:52:17,119 from this fragmentation and not an 1420 00:52:21,910 --> 00:52:19,920 atmosphere like a comet has of 1421 00:52:23,430 --> 00:52:21,920 evaporator or sublime gases and the 1422 00:52:25,270 --> 00:52:23,440 other question was about water are we 1423 00:52:28,710 --> 00:52:25,280 surprised that we haven't seen water 1424 00:52:32,150 --> 00:52:28,720 well yes or no yes and no um 1425 00:52:33,990 --> 00:52:32,160 uh i appreciate the difficulty in 1426 00:52:37,109 --> 00:52:34,000 analyzing the data from the kuiper 1427 00:52:39,910 --> 00:52:37,119 airborne observatory um 1428 00:52:41,750 --> 00:52:39,920 and and i continue to think of scenarios 1429 00:52:43,750 --> 00:52:41,760 which would exist where water is there 1430 00:52:45,750 --> 00:52:43,760 but we don't see it and it may not be 1431 00:52:47,670 --> 00:52:45,760 stable in jupiter's atmosphere for long 1432 00:52:49,109 --> 00:52:47,680 enough to get a 1433 00:52:50,950 --> 00:52:49,119 detectable signal with the 1434 00:52:52,790 --> 00:52:50,960 instrumentation or it could be some 1435 00:52:53,589 --> 00:52:52,800 chemical thing 1436 00:52:59,750 --> 00:52:53,599 so 1437 00:53:01,430 --> 00:52:59,760 results back let the the scientists 1438 00:53:03,750 --> 00:53:01,440 analyze their data instead of showing us 1439 00:53:06,870 --> 00:53:03,760 their raw images that have spectacular 1440 00:53:09,190 --> 00:53:06,880 uh signatures on them 1441 00:53:11,670 --> 00:53:09,200 just a quick follow can you tell us what 1442 00:53:14,470 --> 00:53:11,680 fragment we were looking at in the irtf 1443 00:53:17,990 --> 00:53:14,480 images 1444 00:53:18,000 --> 00:53:23,270 maybe 1445 00:53:28,549 --> 00:53:25,349 you always catch me on these questions 1446 00:53:31,030 --> 00:53:28,559 on which what image was it um oh 1447 00:53:33,910 --> 00:53:31,040 actually that was the a site 1448 00:53:35,829 --> 00:53:33,920 remember a long time ago so this is um 1449 00:53:37,750 --> 00:53:35,839 they were observing a to watch for its 1450 00:53:39,270 --> 00:53:37,760 evolution it's it's very 1451 00:53:40,950 --> 00:53:39,280 we're going to become interested in how 1452 00:53:43,510 --> 00:53:40,960 these things evolve with time so that 1453 00:53:45,109 --> 00:53:43,520 was the site of the first impact there 1454 00:53:48,549 --> 00:53:45,119 are so many of these sites now that 1455 00:53:50,309 --> 00:53:48,559 we've already seen reports where 1456 00:53:52,870 --> 00:53:50,319 as swiftly pointed out by their 1457 00:53:53,910 --> 00:53:52,880 colleagues astronomers are saying this 1458 00:53:55,589 --> 00:53:53,920 site 1459 00:53:57,829 --> 00:53:55,599 looked like thus and so and someone else 1460 00:53:59,750 --> 00:53:57,839 says no at that time you look you were 1461 00:54:01,270 --> 00:53:59,760 seeing a different side there's so many 1462 00:54:02,790 --> 00:54:01,280 of them now you 1463 00:54:04,549 --> 00:54:02,800 you need a program when you go to the 1464 00:54:06,790 --> 00:54:04,559 telescope to 1465 00:54:08,630 --> 00:54:06,800 tell the spots on jupiter 1466 00:54:10,150 --> 00:54:08,640 okay we have some questions now from the 1467 00:54:13,270 --> 00:54:10,160 kennedy space center in florida please 1468 00:54:15,510 --> 00:54:13,280 state your name and affiliation 1469 00:54:18,549 --> 00:54:15,520 hi jim banke of florida today a question 1470 00:54:19,910 --> 00:54:18,559 maybe for uh dave levy or lucy 1471 00:54:21,990 --> 00:54:19,920 you said earlier in the week that you 1472 00:54:24,069 --> 00:54:22,000 thought these spots would last for weeks 1473 00:54:26,230 --> 00:54:24,079 if not months is there any evidence from 1474 00:54:28,309 --> 00:54:26,240 the ground-based observatories the 1475 00:54:30,950 --> 00:54:28,319 telescopes that any of the earlier spots 1476 00:54:32,790 --> 00:54:30,960 are fading away we can ask lucy mcfadden 1477 00:54:35,670 --> 00:54:32,800 to answer that because dave levy was 1478 00:54:36,789 --> 00:54:35,680 called away he is in great demand 1479 00:54:39,510 --> 00:54:36,799 um 1480 00:54:41,670 --> 00:54:39,520 there is evidence of fading of some of 1481 00:54:44,230 --> 00:54:41,680 the spots changes in the brightness of 1482 00:54:46,630 --> 00:54:44,240 some of the spots um none of them have 1483 00:54:47,990 --> 00:54:46,640 disappeared remember some of the impacts 1484 00:54:49,270 --> 00:54:48,000 didn't leave a 1485 00:54:53,349 --> 00:54:49,280 scar 1486 00:54:54,549 --> 00:54:53,359 fragment b did not make a significant uh 1487 00:54:55,829 --> 00:54:54,559 feature 1488 00:54:57,990 --> 00:54:55,839 um 1489 00:55:00,950 --> 00:54:58,000 there's some change galileo people told 1490 00:55:01,910 --> 00:55:00,960 us that besides spotting h they looked 1491 00:55:04,150 --> 00:55:01,920 for 1492 00:55:07,670 --> 00:55:04,160 an impact site from b and did not see it 1493 00:55:11,750 --> 00:55:09,670 and the second question uh maybe a 1494 00:55:14,630 --> 00:55:11,760 little trivial for you folks but in the 1495 00:55:16,870 --> 00:55:14,640 forest of jupiter did the comet make a 1496 00:55:18,390 --> 00:55:16,880 sound when it uh when it hits 1497 00:55:20,470 --> 00:55:18,400 in i know there's no one there to hear 1498 00:55:23,349 --> 00:55:20,480 it but uh did it make a sound what would 1499 00:55:25,910 --> 00:55:23,359 be the sound of a comet hitting jupiter 1500 00:55:28,069 --> 00:55:25,920 very loud 1501 00:55:30,549 --> 00:55:28,079 made a very big sound 1502 00:55:34,549 --> 00:55:30,559 um one of the things we'll be looking at 1503 00:55:36,230 --> 00:55:34,559 for seismic waves which are a wave that 1504 00:55:37,349 --> 00:55:36,240 sounds through a wave i don't think 1505 00:55:39,270 --> 00:55:37,359 there's any 1506 00:55:41,349 --> 00:55:39,280 conclusions on that yet but it certainly 1507 00:55:43,589 --> 00:55:41,359 did make a big noise not just a sound 1508 00:55:45,270 --> 00:55:43,599 but it's a sonic boom that going on 1509 00:55:46,829 --> 00:55:45,280 there oh 1510 00:55:49,349 --> 00:55:46,839 undoubtedly 1511 00:55:51,510 --> 00:55:49,359 yes this is phil chan earth news for 1512 00:55:53,190 --> 00:55:51,520 roger and how certain are you that this 1513 00:55:55,670 --> 00:55:53,200 is sulfur have you eliminated all the 1514 00:55:56,789 --> 00:55:55,680 other possible molecules um is there any 1515 00:55:58,870 --> 00:55:56,799 possibility that this might be from the 1516 00:56:00,870 --> 00:55:58,880 iotaurus or from the magnetosphere some 1517 00:56:03,910 --> 00:56:00,880 kind of ionized sulfur 1518 00:56:09,349 --> 00:56:07,670 we're absolutely sure it's sulfur we um 1519 00:56:11,270 --> 00:56:09,359 you saw that it had this this very 1520 00:56:12,870 --> 00:56:11,280 interesting structure where the there 1521 00:56:14,630 --> 00:56:12,880 were wiggles up and down and there's 1522 00:56:17,750 --> 00:56:14,640 about 30 of those wiggles and they all 1523 00:56:20,870 --> 00:56:17,760 line up with 30 lines expected from 1524 00:56:23,109 --> 00:56:20,880 sulfur and then the distribution of 1525 00:56:24,630 --> 00:56:23,119 intensities is also understandable in 1526 00:56:26,950 --> 00:56:24,640 terms of sulfur so i think there's no 1527 00:56:28,069 --> 00:56:26,960 doubt now i also reported a more 1528 00:56:30,549 --> 00:56:28,079 tentative 1529 00:56:31,910 --> 00:56:30,559 detection of h2s and i want to be 1530 00:56:32,630 --> 00:56:31,920 careful with that 1531 00:56:36,069 --> 00:56:32,640 the 1532 00:56:38,950 --> 00:56:36,079 hydrogen sulfide but it might be 1533 00:56:40,470 --> 00:56:38,960 possible to explain that feature with 1534 00:56:42,230 --> 00:56:40,480 some combination of other molecules 1535 00:56:44,630 --> 00:56:42,240 we'll have to be more careful and wait 1536 00:56:45,910 --> 00:56:44,640 and see on that but for the for the s2 1537 00:56:47,670 --> 00:56:45,920 there's just no doubt couldn't be 1538 00:56:49,270 --> 00:56:47,680 anything else the other part of phil 1539 00:56:51,910 --> 00:56:49,280 chan's question was could this sulphur 1540 00:56:53,670 --> 00:56:51,920 be in the volcanoes on eo that's very 1541 00:56:56,069 --> 00:56:53,680 hard for me to imagine i think i'd have 1542 00:56:57,589 --> 00:56:56,079 to say no 1543 00:57:00,230 --> 00:56:57,599 okay and will you be making this data 1544 00:57:01,750 --> 00:57:00,240 available on the internet and using 1545 00:57:04,470 --> 00:57:01,760 heidi hamill's 1546 00:57:06,549 --> 00:57:04,480 analogy how bad is the traffic jam on 1547 00:57:08,870 --> 00:57:06,559 information superhighway 1548 00:57:10,950 --> 00:57:08,880 um traffic's very heavy on the 1549 00:57:14,230 --> 00:57:10,960 information super highway 1550 00:57:16,390 --> 00:57:14,240 i've have reports that the 1551 00:57:18,309 --> 00:57:16,400 computer up at space science telescope 1552 00:57:22,390 --> 00:57:18,319 institute is uh 1553 00:57:24,710 --> 00:57:22,400 jammed standstill just like los angeles 1554 00:57:26,950 --> 00:57:24,720 our computer at university of maryland 1555 00:57:28,950 --> 00:57:26,960 which is available for professional 1556 00:57:31,190 --> 00:57:28,960 astronomers and the observers 1557 00:57:32,950 --> 00:57:31,200 has been running at 50 to 70 percent 1558 00:57:35,270 --> 00:57:32,960 capacity 1559 00:57:37,670 --> 00:57:35,280 and we have anywhere from one to two 1560 00:57:39,990 --> 00:57:37,680 dozen people on at any one time 1561 00:57:41,589 --> 00:57:40,000 and we cannot compute 1562 00:57:43,670 --> 00:57:41,599 we can't keep track of how many people 1563 00:57:45,270 --> 00:57:43,680 log on and the same at hubble space 1564 00:57:47,109 --> 00:57:45,280 telescope they had to move their program 1565 00:57:48,390 --> 00:57:47,119 that counts how many people are logging 1566 00:57:50,309 --> 00:57:48,400 on to another machine because the 1567 00:57:51,510 --> 00:57:50,319 machine couldn't handle the incoming 1568 00:57:52,630 --> 00:57:51,520 traffic so 1569 00:57:54,390 --> 00:57:52,640 uh it's 1570 00:57:57,349 --> 00:57:54,400 it's busy 1571 00:57:59,510 --> 00:57:57,359 it's the way it's supposed to be i guess 1572 00:58:01,430 --> 00:57:59,520 we'll go to headquarters now for some 1573 00:58:10,950 --> 00:58:01,440 questions please state your name and 1574 00:58:14,230 --> 00:58:12,549 i'm not sure if we're having a technical 1575 00:58:18,710 --> 00:58:14,240 difficulty 1576 00:58:22,870 --> 00:58:20,870 okay we're going to have time for one 1577 00:58:24,710 --> 00:58:22,880 more question here and i've been 1578 00:58:29,510 --> 00:58:24,720 assured the panels will stay around for 1579 00:58:32,549 --> 00:58:30,950 this is mark carrara the houston 1580 00:58:33,670 --> 00:58:32,559 chronicle could you talk a little bit 1581 00:58:36,630 --> 00:58:33,680 about 1582 00:58:38,309 --> 00:58:36,640 qr and s and even the 1583 00:58:41,030 --> 00:58:38,319 the last fragments and how they're going 1584 00:58:42,710 --> 00:58:41,040 to how they compare in size brightness 1585 00:58:46,069 --> 00:58:42,720 or whatever with those that have hit 1586 00:58:51,109 --> 00:58:49,349 the qr and s impacts will occur within 1587 00:58:53,589 --> 00:58:51,119 about 10 hours of each other which means 1588 00:58:55,910 --> 00:58:53,599 they will land on jupiter at the same 1589 00:58:57,510 --> 00:58:55,920 location 1590 00:59:00,230 --> 00:58:57,520 let's see dave jewett at university of 1591 00:59:01,589 --> 00:59:00,240 hawaii has done some recent astrometry 1592 00:59:03,190 --> 00:59:01,599 he had a 1593 00:59:05,109 --> 00:59:03,200 an instrument which allowed which 1594 00:59:06,789 --> 00:59:05,119 blocked out the light from jupiter and 1595 00:59:09,030 --> 00:59:06,799 allowed him to look at the fragments as 1596 00:59:09,990 --> 00:59:09,040 they were approaching jupiter very close 1597 00:59:11,670 --> 00:59:10,000 and 1598 00:59:14,230 --> 00:59:11,680 with his measurements of the positions 1599 00:59:16,470 --> 00:59:14,240 of the fragments he enabled paul chotis 1600 00:59:19,030 --> 00:59:16,480 and don yeomans at jet propulsion lab to 1601 00:59:21,109 --> 00:59:19,040 update the impact times and those impact 1602 00:59:23,190 --> 00:59:21,119 times have moved forward about 15 1603 00:59:25,670 --> 00:59:23,200 minutes 1604 00:59:28,710 --> 00:59:25,680 so they but the spacing between them i 1605 00:59:30,150 --> 00:59:28,720 believe is still the same so we're we're 1606 00:59:32,230 --> 00:59:30,160 interested in watching what's going to 1607 00:59:34,069 --> 00:59:32,240 happen when these sites land on top of 1608 00:59:36,309 --> 00:59:34,079 each other and and 1609 00:59:38,630 --> 00:59:36,319 it's going to make it harder for us to 1610 00:59:41,270 --> 00:59:38,640 disentangle the information but we may 1611 00:59:43,430 --> 00:59:41,280 learn something from it as well q should 1612 00:59:46,150 --> 00:59:43,440 be big right i think that's part of the 1613 00:59:47,829 --> 00:59:46,160 question yeah q should be big p's p 1614 00:59:51,910 --> 00:59:47,839 should be big too they're they are 1615 00:59:55,030 --> 00:59:53,990 let's try headquarters again uh go ahead 1616 00:59:56,950 --> 00:59:55,040 please 1617 00:59:59,589 --> 00:59:56,960 uh yeah this is ron kellen from science 1618 01:00:01,270 --> 00:59:59,599 news for dr pronjay can you tell me how 1619 01:00:04,950 --> 01:00:01,280 many kilometers 1620 01:00:07,190 --> 01:00:04,960 uh this this new footprint is below the 1621 01:00:08,789 --> 01:00:07,200 the existing one is there a way to 1622 01:00:10,950 --> 01:00:08,799 understand why 1623 01:00:12,549 --> 01:00:10,960 this commentary debris just getting onto 1624 01:00:14,549 --> 01:00:12,559 the north pole why it wouldn't just 1625 01:00:16,710 --> 01:00:14,559 brighten the existing footprint why 1626 01:00:19,990 --> 01:00:16,720 would indeed create a new one and again 1627 01:00:24,470 --> 01:00:20,000 how many kilometers beneath is it 1628 01:00:28,309 --> 01:00:26,150 it's rather 1629 01:00:29,750 --> 01:00:28,319 narrow in terms of latitude it may be 1630 01:00:31,750 --> 01:00:29,760 like it's less than a thousand 1631 01:00:34,230 --> 01:00:31,760 kilometers in latitude 1632 01:00:36,870 --> 01:00:34,240 in longitude it's elongated and 1633 01:00:38,470 --> 01:00:36,880 i would say 1634 01:00:40,549 --> 01:00:38,480 probably like 1635 01:00:43,270 --> 01:00:40,559 a few thousand kilometers maybe 10 000 1636 01:00:45,030 --> 01:00:43,280 kilometers but out of that we cannot 1637 01:00:47,190 --> 01:00:45,040 tell whether i should spot which has 1638 01:00:48,069 --> 01:00:47,200 been moving on on top of the planet 1639 01:00:51,750 --> 01:00:48,079 because 1640 01:00:54,390 --> 01:00:51,760 the the exposures have been four 1641 01:00:57,030 --> 01:00:54,400 five six seconds six minutes long during 1642 01:00:59,670 --> 01:00:57,040 that time a fixed spot in the 1643 01:01:02,309 --> 01:00:59,680 magnetosphere rotates in the in front of 1644 01:01:04,549 --> 01:01:02,319 the of the telescope by about four 1645 01:01:06,870 --> 01:01:04,559 degrees i guess i'm not sure but that's 1646 01:01:09,190 --> 01:01:06,880 the order the spot itself we have 1647 01:01:12,309 --> 01:01:09,200 measured the trace which is about 15 1648 01:01:15,589 --> 01:01:12,319 degrees so in fact it's longer than that 1649 01:01:18,230 --> 01:01:15,599 either this is a remaining light and it 1650 01:01:19,910 --> 01:01:18,240 has been created locally by the by the 1651 01:01:21,910 --> 01:01:19,920 comet but the comet 1652 01:01:24,789 --> 01:01:21,920 in the last two hours the comet is going 1653 01:01:27,030 --> 01:01:24,799 from the dusk side to the node at noon 1654 01:01:30,230 --> 01:01:27,040 and then to the morning site very very 1655 01:01:33,589 --> 01:01:30,240 fast so in if you have emission 1656 01:01:35,349 --> 01:01:33,599 which is blowing growing from for say 10 1657 01:01:37,670 --> 01:01:35,359 minutes you will see it like a track on 1658 01:01:40,870 --> 01:01:37,680 the on the observations so we cannot 1659 01:01:42,710 --> 01:01:40,880 tell so far how how large is the spot if 1660 01:01:44,150 --> 01:01:42,720 it's a temporal effect of if it is a 1661 01:01:45,510 --> 01:01:44,160 special effect 1662 01:01:48,230 --> 01:01:45,520 and the other answer the other part of 1663 01:01:49,510 --> 01:01:48,240 ron cowan's question why doesn't it just 1664 01:01:52,390 --> 01:01:49,520 shine in the 1665 01:01:54,309 --> 01:01:52,400 normal a rural place is that it's not 1666 01:01:57,990 --> 01:01:54,319 like all the bees go to the same nest to 1667 01:02:00,069 --> 01:01:58,000 get honey but the the the magnetic line 1668 01:02:01,829 --> 01:02:00,079 from the normal northern or rural zone 1669 01:02:04,069 --> 01:02:01,839 doesn't come to the place where the 1670 01:02:05,190 --> 01:02:04,079 comet hit the normal the normal aura 1671 01:02:07,270 --> 01:02:05,200 comes from 1672 01:02:10,230 --> 01:02:07,280 apparently the last observation we got 1673 01:02:12,390 --> 01:02:10,240 with the with the hubble last year 1674 01:02:13,670 --> 01:02:12,400 suggests very very strongly in the 1675 01:02:15,990 --> 01:02:13,680 comparison with ulysses we did 1676 01:02:16,789 --> 01:02:16,000 comparison with herbal and ulysses this 1677 01:02:20,150 --> 01:02:16,799 year 1678 01:02:21,670 --> 01:02:20,160 and it's very strongly suggest that the 1679 01:02:24,230 --> 01:02:21,680 normal or 1680 01:02:27,029 --> 01:02:24,240 observed glow we see it's related to 1681 01:02:29,750 --> 01:02:27,039 currents which flow right at the limit 1682 01:02:31,430 --> 01:02:29,760 between what we call the polar cap and 1683 01:02:33,430 --> 01:02:31,440 the closed fill line inside the 1684 01:02:35,990 --> 01:02:33,440 magnetosphere the close field line they 1685 01:02:38,150 --> 01:02:36,000 rotate to the planet in 10 hours the 1686 01:02:40,470 --> 01:02:38,160 open field lines as we say in our jargon 1687 01:02:41,750 --> 01:02:40,480 the one which are pushed away in the 1688 01:02:43,750 --> 01:02:41,760 tail by the 1689 01:02:45,430 --> 01:02:43,760 solar pressure solar in pressure and 1690 01:02:47,510 --> 01:02:45,440 which are open to the solar wind 1691 01:02:49,349 --> 01:02:47,520 normally they do not rotate with the 1692 01:02:51,270 --> 01:02:49,359 with the 1693 01:02:54,150 --> 01:02:51,280 the planet itself this creates a 1694 01:02:56,390 --> 01:02:54,160 condition for strong currents and there 1695 01:02:58,870 --> 01:02:56,400 we see a sheet of precipitation this is 1696 01:03:00,390 --> 01:02:58,880 very very high latitude it is connected 1697 01:03:01,990 --> 01:03:00,400 at something like 1698 01:03:07,510 --> 01:03:02,000 60 1699 01:03:11,109 --> 01:03:07,520 the the glow we have seen this transient 1700 01:03:13,430 --> 01:03:11,119 glow is on field lines which go like two 1701 01:03:15,910 --> 01:03:13,440 or three rg at maximum at the equator 1702 01:03:18,309 --> 01:03:15,920 from the from the center of the planet 1703 01:03:20,309 --> 01:03:18,319 very very closely line in what we call 1704 01:03:22,549 --> 01:03:20,319 the inner magnetosphere in the inner 1705 01:03:26,309 --> 01:03:22,559 magnesium sphere normally we do not have 1706 01:03:28,789 --> 01:03:26,319 plasma to get this uh this effect 1707 01:03:32,150 --> 01:03:28,799 and it it was also connected to the path 1708 01:03:35,109 --> 01:03:33,190 i think we have one more from 1709 01:03:37,349 --> 01:03:35,119 headquarters 1710 01:03:40,870 --> 01:03:37,359 uh yes this is tracy 1711 01:03:46,789 --> 01:03:43,829 i wonder if you've seen any uh white at 1712 01:03:49,270 --> 01:03:46,799 the thin dark ring from 1713 01:03:50,870 --> 01:03:49,280 can you hear me no please repeat um i'm 1714 01:03:53,029 --> 01:03:50,880 wanting to see any whitening yet of the 1715 01:03:55,029 --> 01:03:53,039 thin dark ring from 1716 01:03:57,589 --> 01:03:55,039 from fragment g the one surrounding the 1717 01:03:59,109 --> 01:03:57,599 dark swatch 1718 01:04:01,589 --> 01:03:59,119 that's that's for me 1719 01:04:02,630 --> 01:04:01,599 sure it's a hubble question oh i don't 1720 01:04:04,470 --> 01:04:02,640 think we're 1721 01:04:08,309 --> 01:04:04,480 we have any more results on that at this 1722 01:04:12,950 --> 01:04:10,230 okay that's all the questions we have 1723 01:04:15,750 --> 01:04:12,960 time for today we'll rerun the video and 1724 01:07:20,230 --> 01:04:15,760 uh feed that on the satellite and uh 1725 01:07:24,470 --> 01:07:21,990 and start imaging 1726 01:07:26,069 --> 01:07:24,480 so we didn't actually catch the flash of 1727 01:07:28,870 --> 01:07:26,079 l but we were able to start looking at 1728 01:07:30,230 --> 01:07:28,880 the morphology of the l site very very 1729 01:07:33,270 --> 01:07:30,240 quickly 1730 01:07:35,750 --> 01:07:33,280 the conditions turned spectacular very 1731 01:07:37,190 --> 01:07:35,760 soon on we had excellent excellent 1732 01:07:39,109 --> 01:07:37,200 transparency 1733 01:07:40,950 --> 01:07:39,119 almost all the night 1734 01:07:42,950 --> 01:07:40,960 and extremely stable atmospheric 1735 01:07:45,190 --> 01:07:42,960 conditions so we have some really really 1736 01:07:48,230 --> 01:07:45,200 pretty images that we've gotten out with 1737 01:07:50,230 --> 01:07:48,240 both an ir camera on the 2.7 meter 1738 01:07:51,430 --> 01:07:50,240 telescope and 1739 01:08:08,870 --> 01:07:51,440 a 1740 01:08:11,349 --> 01:08:08,880 structure of the spots in the eyepiece 1741 01:08:13,349 --> 01:08:11,359 in good conditions and 1742 01:08:16,309 --> 01:08:13,359 things are just changing and it's so 1743 01:08:21,030 --> 01:08:19,430 jupiter change below our eyes 1744 01:08:21,749 --> 01:08:21,040 image number two 1745 01:08:24,709 --> 01:08:21,759 is 1746 01:08:29,030 --> 01:08:24,719 a methane image taking the ccd camera 1747 01:08:31,030 --> 01:08:29,040 and in this image we see a number of the 1748 01:08:32,709 --> 01:08:31,040 spots but 1749 01:08:35,349 --> 01:08:32,719 one of the striking features of this 1750 01:08:37,829 --> 01:08:35,359 image is that the h-spot is just 1751 01:08:40,470 --> 01:08:37,839 rotating into onto the limb and we've 1752 01:08:43,110 --> 01:08:40,480 caught it in this image at a point where 1753 01:08:46,070 --> 01:08:43,120 we see it detached from the planet 1754 01:08:48,550 --> 01:08:46,080 a hydrogen molecular band 1755 01:08:51,669 --> 01:08:48,560 uh that is again observed with the ir 1756 01:08:53,829 --> 01:08:51,679 camera on the 2.7 meter in this we have 1757 01:08:55,189 --> 01:08:53,839 four spots and the great red spot in the 1758 01:08:57,110 --> 01:08:55,199 middle of the planet 1759 01:08:58,470 --> 01:08:57,120 uh we sent this in the conventional 1760 01:09:01,030 --> 01:08:58,480 orientation 1761 01:09:02,950 --> 01:09:01,040 we find amusing to turn this and some of 1762 01:09:22,950 --> 01:09:02,960 the other images upside down and look at 1763 01:09:28,149 --> 01:09:25,510 we have two two channels one is a 1764 01:09:30,309 --> 01:09:28,159 temperature channel and one is a search 1765 01:09:32,470 --> 01:09:30,319 for water the temperature channel was 1766 01:09:34,709 --> 01:09:32,480 truly dramatic and we have very good 1767 01:09:36,070 --> 01:09:34,719 coverage of both the g and the k 1768 01:09:38,070 --> 01:09:36,080 fragments 1769 01:09:40,070 --> 01:09:38,080 after having looked at the g fragment 1770 01:09:41,990 --> 01:09:40,080 then we decided to 1771 01:09:43,349 --> 01:09:42,000 to set up the investigation a little 1772 01:09:46,390 --> 01:09:43,359 differently uh 1773 01:09:48,789 --> 01:09:46,400 for the k fragment we concentrated 1774 01:09:50,390 --> 01:09:48,799 almost exclusively on the temperature we 1775 01:09:53,189 --> 01:09:50,400 wanted to make sure that we pinned that 1776 01:09:55,830 --> 01:09:53,199 down very precisely and we have 1777 01:09:56,630 --> 01:09:55,840 even even better data for the k fragment 1778 01:10:06,550 --> 01:09:56,640 the 1779 01:10:08,630 --> 01:10:06,560 factor 25 so it was absolutely stunning 1780 01:10:10,630 --> 01:10:08,640 and you know since we have some spatial 1781 01:10:13,270 --> 01:10:10,640 resolution 1782 01:10:15,990 --> 01:10:13,280 you can see all of all of jupiter 1783 01:10:17,990 --> 01:10:16,000 jupiter at once and then in the the limb 1784 01:10:20,390 --> 01:10:18,000 of jupiter where the fireball was it's 1785 01:10:22,950 --> 01:10:20,400 like seeing a supernova go off or a star 1786 01:10:26,310 --> 01:10:22,960 go off the main reason for using the 1787 01:10:27,870 --> 01:10:26,320 kuiper airborne observatory is that um 1788 01:10:30,470 --> 01:10:27,880 you're flying above 1789 01:10:33,510 --> 01:10:30,480 99.9 percent of the water vapor in the 1790 01:10:37,189 --> 01:10:33,520 earth's atmosphere and you're above just 1791 01:10:39,189 --> 01:10:37,199 80 percent of the total atmosphere 1792 01:10:41,110 --> 01:10:39,199 our key thermometer is the methane 1793 01:10:42,310 --> 01:10:41,120 molecule which is present in the earth's 1794 01:10:44,950 --> 01:10:42,320 atmosphere 1795 01:10:47,430 --> 01:10:44,960 by flying at 41 000 feet 1796 01:10:50,790 --> 01:10:47,440 this opens up a window where we can 1797 01:10:52,310 --> 01:10:50,800 measure very strong methane features on 1798 01:10:54,310 --> 01:10:52,320 jupiter that 1799 01:11:35,750 --> 01:10:54,320 are not measurable from ground-based 1800 01:11:41,590 --> 01:11:38,709 for more information about the nasa sti 1801 01:11:44,870 --> 01:11:41,600 program please write to the nasa center